A people's tragedy

64 Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois’, 190; Nazhivin, Zapiski, 15, 28; GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 108, l. 2.

65 Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois’, 184–5, 191; Libknecht, Pauki, 4; TCL, Margoulis Collection, ‘Protokoly fabzavkoma’, 8.

66 Lenin, PSS, 35: 204.

67 Ibid., 327; NZh, 16 March 1918.

68 Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 127; GARF, f. 1236, op. 1, d. 1, l. 47, 67; Krasnov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, 162–5; Melgunov, Red Terror, 113ff; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 216.

69 Bunyan and Fisher (ed.), Bolshevik, 324; Meshcherskaya, ‘Trudovoe’, 205–6.

70 GARF, f. 393, op. 2, d. 59, l. 35–8.

71 Clements, Bolshevik Feminist, 131–3; Bunyan and Fisher (ed.), Bolshevik, 587; GARF, f. 130, op. 2, d. 155, l. 22; d. 167, l. 3.

72 Gor’kii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 17: 212; Lenin, PSS, 35: 203; Trotskii, Sochineniia, 17, 1: 290–1.

73 Arbenina (Meyendorff), Through Terror, 102; Pozner, Dela, 26–7; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; Wrangel, From Serfdom, 301–4.

74 Nazhivin, Zapiski, 14.

75 Figes, Peasant Russia, 101ff, 132–5; Channon, ‘Tsarist Landowners’, 584; Rudnev, Pri vechernykh, 112–29.

76 GARF, f. 4390, op. 14, d. 80, 1. 8–10.

77 NZh, 19 Nov 1917.

78 GARF, f. 1791, op. 2, d. 629, l. 18; Karich’, ‘O narodnom’, 23–32; GARF, f. a-353, op. 3, d. 59, 60, 91, 95, 99, 108; Bunyan and Fisher (ed.), Bolshevik, 289–91; Narodnoe pravo, 3–4, 1918: 209–10; Speranskii, ‘Narodnoe’, 25–30.

79 Lenin, PSS, 35: 357–8. Recently discovered evidence suggests Trotsky wrote the Decree (see Moscow News, 12: 1991).

80 Izvestiia, 23 Aug 1918.

81 Materialy narodnogo kommissariata iustitsii, 1: 29.

82 Melgunov, Red Terror, 22–3.

83 NZh, 17 Jan 1918; Steinberg, In the Workshop, 145.

84 Reed, Ten Days, 133.

85 Trotsky, My Life, 355; Reed, Ten Days, 132; Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 75–6.

86 Fokke, ‘Na stene’, 15–17, 36–8.

87 Trotsky, My Life, 378; Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 366.

88 RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 1, d. 405, l. 1–13.

89 Fokke, ‘Na stene’, 207.

90 RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 1, d. 409.

91 Hoffman, War Diaries, 1: 206–7.

92 RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 1, d. 410, l. 3–17.

93 Trotsky, My Life, 406.

94 RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 1, d. 412, l. 9; Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 258–62.

95 Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, 269.

96 Istochnik, 1, 1994: 26; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 5, l. 136.

97 RTsKhIDNI, f. 4, op. 2, d. 3734, l. 1–2.

98 Trotsky, My Life, 366–9.

12 Last Dreams of the Old World

1 Bulgakov, White Guard, 51–2.

2 Ibid., 54.

3 Gul’, Ledianoi pokhod, 8–10.

4 Kenez, First Year, 41–2, 55–64.

5 Trotsky, HRA, 2: 287–8; Hašek, Red Commissar, 23.

6 Denikin, Ocherki, 2, 1: 94–100; Bogaevskii, Vospominaniia, 23–7; Suvorin, Za rodinoi, 15.

7 Gul’, Ledianoi pokhod, 15; Tsvetaeva, Selected Poems, 62.

8 Bechhofer, In Denikin’s Russia, 78; Moscow News, 16 April 1922; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 14.

9 Grondijs, La Guerre, 262–6; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18. Meinecke’s dictum from Faulenbach (ed.), Geschichtswissenschaft, 69.

10 Kenez, First Year, 100–1.

11 Gul’, Ledianoi pokhod, 16–17; Nesterovich-Berg, V bor’be s bol’shevikami, 97.

12 Holquist, ‘Russian Vendée’, 131ff; Kenez, First Year, 89–92; Medvedev and Starikov, Mironov, 45; Suvorin, Za rodinoi, 21, 29–30.

13 Denikin, Ocherki, 2, 1: 224; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, 1, 156–64.

14 Wrangel, Memoirs, 185; Denikin, Ocherki, 2, 1: 237; Gul’, Ledianoi pokhod, 65–9, 72–4, 145–7.

15 Kenez, First Year, 103–13; Denikin, Ocherki, 2, 1: 295.

16 Denikin, Ocherki, 2, 1: 298.

17 Holquist, ‘Russian Vendée’, 211–26; Kenez, First Year, 119–27.

18 Kenez, First Year, 141.

19 Ibid., 169–71; Skobtsev, Tri goda, 144.

20 Denikin, Staraia, 2: 89; Ocherki, 3: 128.

21 Kenez, Defeat, 55–8, 80–4.

22 Sokolov, Pravlenie, 93–115; Denikin, Ocherki, 4: 233; Dolgorukov, Velikaia, 129–30.

23 Kenez, Defeat, 112–20.

24 Denikin, Ocherki, 3: 61; Krasnov, ‘Vsevelikoe’, 223–7, 232–5; Kenez, First Year, 166–75.

25 Denikin, Ocherki, 4: 221–4; Sokolov, Pravlenie, 187–8, 286–7; Pokrovskii, Denikinshchina, 173–5; Kin, Denikinshchina, 82, 89, 95–109.

26 Kenez, Defeat, 60–2; Lehovich, White, 331; Denikin, Ocherki, 4: 218.

27 Maiskii, Demokraticheskaia, 46.

28 Khronika grazhdanskoi voiny v Sibiri, 168.

29 Figes, Peasant Russia, 163–4.

30 Maiskii, Demokraticheskaia, 72–4, 84, 178–80.

31 Ibid., 84–8, 92–3, 126–31, 144–6.

32 Figes, Peasant Russia, 167–72.

33 Ibid., 175–8.

34 Krasnaia byl’, 3: 53; Vestnik komiteta uchreditel’nogo sobraniia, 23 Aug 1918.

35 Mel’gunov, Tragediia, 1: 99; Petrov, Ot Volgi, 50; Figes, Peasant Russia, 179.

36 Figes, Peasant Russia, 178–82.

37 GARF, f. 5975, op. 1, d. 13, l. 9.

38 Maiskii, Demokraticheskaia, 141–2; Melgunov, Tragediia, 1: 206.

39 Gins, Sibir’, 1, 1: 259; Churchill, Aftermath, 97.

40 Budberg, ‘Dnevnik’, 15: 331–2.

41 Varneck and Fisher (ed.), Testimony, 173.

13 The Revolution Goes to War

1 RGVA, f. 37976, op. 9, d. 4218; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 5–7.

2 Trotsky, HRA, 1: 5; Figes, ‘Red Army’, 174–5.

3 Kavtaradze, Voennye, 175–8; Hagen, Soldiers, 23–6.

4 Trotsky Papers, 1: 149; Trotsky, HRA, 1: 196.

5 Benvenutti, Bolsheviks, 66–8, 70, 76; Os’kin, Zapiski voenkoma, 118–19.