A people's tragedy

59 Struktura i sostav organov, 68; Goldman, My Disillusionment, 54.

60 Solomon, Sredi, 222–7; Orlovsky, ‘State’, 185–92; Struktura i sostav organov, 79.

61 Figes, Peasant Russia, ch. 5.2.

62 Adelman, ‘Development’, 93; Rigby, Political Elites, 49; Rapoporta, ‘Poltora goda’, 103.

63 Kitaev, ‘Stroitel’stvo’, 104.

64 Rigby, Political Elites, 28–9; Dukes, Red Dusk, 23.

65 Sakwa, Soviet Communists, 154; GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 53.

66 Rigby, Political Elites, 47–61.

67 Adelman, ‘Development’, 93, 96–8.

68 GARF, f. 4085, op. 1a, d. 139, l. 30.

69 AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–630; Sorokin, Sovremennoe, 52; GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 158, l. 414; Petrogradskaia pravda, 19 Jan 1919.

70 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18.

71 GARF, f. 130, op. 4, d. 245, l. 397–8; RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 46, l. 143.

72 Arbatov, ‘Ekaterinoslav’, 113; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 101; op. 3, d. 170, l. 3–4; RGVA, f. 33987, op. 1, d. 278; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18.

73 BA, Brusilov Collection, Manuscripts ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’, 42; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18; Grondijs, La Guerre, 265.

74 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 226, l. 208–10.

75 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18; RGVA, f. 33988, op. 1, d. 267, l. 1–2.

76 GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 170, l. 1; Trotsky, HRA, 3: 158; Pravda, 11–12 May 1920.

77 GATO, f. 1832, op. 1, d. 834, l. 9; Stites, Revolutionary, 95–6; Arbatov, ‘Ekaterinoslav’, 113.

78 Agursky, Third Rome, 185ff; Burbank, Intelligentsia, 219–25; Ustrialov, V bor’be, 13; Gor’kii, Perepiska A. M. Gor’kogo s zarubezhnymi, 67.

79 Davies, White Eagle, 187; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 182.

80 Kommunisticheskii internatsional’, 1 May 1919; Zinoviev, Sochineniia, 15: 281; Carr, Bolshevik, 3: 180–1, 192.

81 Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1 1992: 12–30.

82 Ibid., 16–17.

83 Trotsky Papers, 1: 623, 625; Agabekov, OGPU, 16.

84 Wells, Russia in the Shadows, 99; Congress of Peoples of the East, 34.

85 Lenin, PSS, 48: 163.

86 Bulgakov, White Guard, 266; Graziosi, ‘Piatakov’, 121–4.

87 Ordzhonikidze, Stat’i i rechi, 1: 106–7; Resolution and Decisions of the Communist Party, 2: 102.

88 Majstrenko, Borot’bism, 191.

89 Krawchenko, Social Change, 55; Mace, Communism, 69.

90 Rorlich, Volga Tatars, 138.

91 Pipes, Formation, 182; Park, Bolshevism in Turkestan, 36.

92 Becker, Russia’s Protectorates, 299–301; Park, Bolshevism in Turkestan, 133–4, 375.

93 Gokay, ‘Turkish’; Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaidzhan, 147ff.

94 PRO, FO 371/3404.

95 Hovannisen, Republic, 2: 249–50, 291.

96 Suny, Making, 192–9, 205–6.

97 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 164.

98 Suny, Making, 210; Lenin, PSS, 42: 367; 43: 199; Jones, ‘Establishment’, 623–8.

99 Wrangel, Memoirs, 171–5.

100 Miliukov, Russia Today and Tomorrow, 181; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 27, 31–2, 35, 41–2; Rakovskii, Konets, 84–5, 147–50.

101 Wrangel, Memoirs, 175, 191; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 11–15, 30–2; Miliukov, Russia Today and Tomorrow, 178–9; Gukovskii (ed.), ‘Agrarnaia’, 52–3, 69–72.

102 Valentinov, ‘Krymskaia’, 15–16.

103 Kalinin, Pod znamenem, 104; Rakovskii, Konets, 9, 158.

104 Wrangel, Memoirs, 274–5; Obolenskii, ‘Krym’, 17; Rakovskii, Konets, 82–4.

105 Valentinov, ‘Krymskaia’, 85–6; Bechhofer, In Denikin’s, ch. 7; Kenez, Defeat, 306–8.

106 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18.

15 Defeat in Victory

1 Os’kin, Khoziaistvennaia, 16–20, 24; TsGANKh, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1527, l. 16, 190.

2 TsGANKh, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1487, l. 25; d. 1527, l. 5; f. 1884, op. 28, d. 1; Doklad ot narodnogo komissara putei soobshcheniia, 5–9; Narodnyi komissariat putei soobshcheniia, 6; Rosenberg, ‘Social Background’, 364–7.

3 Krasnoarmeets, 16–20, Feb 1920, 8; Tretii Vserossiiskii s’ezd professional’nykh soiuzov, I: 87–90, 97.

4 Deviatyi s’ezd RKP(b), 94; NZh, 11 Nov 1917.

5 GARF, f. 5451, op. 3, d. 336; op. 4, d. 148, 289; f. 382, op. 4, d. 477; f. 130, op. 3, d. 363; TsGANKh, f. 1637, op. 1, d. 359, 361; f. 3429, op. 1, d. 857; Brovkin, Behind, ch. 2.

6 Dva goda deiatel’nosti TsK po snabzheniiu rabochikh; Malle, Economic, 123–35, 182–4.

7 Trotsky, HRA, 3: 47–52, 65–7; GAKO, f. 193, op. 2, d. 159, l. 102; Stites, Revolutionary, 19–24; Os’kin, Khoziaistvennaia, 78–9; Donskii, ‘Ot Moskvy’, 208; GARF, f. 130, op. 5, d. 1037, l. 19–20; op. 3, d. 104, l. 30, 68; TsGANKh, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1527, l. 1–6; d. 857, l. 148; Bunyan (ed.), Origin, 71–4.

8 Chase, ‘Voluntarism’, 115; GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 30.

9 Banerji, ‘Commissars’, 264; Ransome, Six Weeks, 88–92; Malle, Economic, 153–85.

10 McAuley, Bread, 286–95; Sorokin, Leaves, 220; GARF, f. 539, op. 1, d. 3190, l. 12–15.

11 Figes, Peasant Russia, 295–308; TsGANKh, f. 478, op. 3, d. 1157, l. 58; op. 4, d. 69, l. 60; Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe, 240–73.

12 GARF, f. 130, op. 3, d. 414; Brovkin, Behind, 287–99.

13 Rosenberg, ‘Social Background’; Schapiro, Origin, 256–92; Fitzpatrick, Cultural Front, 25–30; Sakwa, Soviet, 216–60.

14 Sokolov, White Nights, 67–72.

15 Burleigh, Death, 11.

16 Joravsky, Russian Psychology, 53–63, 207–13; Trotskii, Sochineniia, XXI: 110–12.

17 Stites, Revolutionary, 32–3; Bogdanov, Red Star, 60–77, 196.