A people's tragedy

11 Serge, Memoirs, 268; Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 101–2, 127–8, 131.

12 Spiridonova, ‘Gorky and Stalin’, 418–23; Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 120–6. For a different view of Maxim’s death see Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, 262–6.

13 Tucker, Stalin in Power, 362–5; Conquest, Great Terror, 387–9; Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 133.

Glossary

ataman Cossack chieftain

Black Hundreds extremist rightwing paramilitary groups and proto-parties (for the origin of the term see here)

Bund Jewish social democratic organization

burzhooi popular term for a bourgeois or other social enemy (see here)

Cheka Soviet secret police 1917–22 (later transformed into the OGPU, the NKVD and the KGB); the Cheka’s full title was the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Struggle against Counter-Revolution and Sabotage

Defensists socialist supporters of the war campaign (1914–18) for national defence; the Menshevik and SR parties were split between Defensists and Internationalists

desyatina measurement of land area, equivalent to 1.09 hectares or 2.7 acres

Duma the state Duma was the elected lower house of the Russian parliament 1906–17; the municipal dumas were elected town councils

guberniia province (subdivided into uezdy and volosti)

Internationalists socialists opposed to the war campaign (1914–18) who campaigned for immediate peace through international socialist collaboration; the Menshevik and SR parties were split between Defensists and Internationalists

Kadets Constitutional Democratic Party

kolkhoz collective farm

Komuch antiBolshevik government established in Samara during the summer of 1918; its full title was the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly

Krug Cossack assembly

kulak capitalist peasant (see here)

mir village commune

NEP New Economic Policy (1921–9)

obshchina peasant land commune

Octobrists liberal-conservative political party

pud measurement of weight, equivalent to 16.38 kg

SDs Social Democrats: Marxist party (known in full as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party); split into Menshevik and Bolshevik factions after 1903

skhod communal or village assembly

sovkhoz Soviet farm

SRs Socialist Revolutionaries: non-Marxist revolutionary party (PSR); split into Right and Left SRs during 1917

Stavka army headquarters

uezd district (subdivision of guberniia)

versta measurement of distance, equivalent to 0.66 miles

voisko Cossack self-governing community

volia freedom; autonomy

volost rural township and basic administrative unit usually comprising several villages

zemstvo elected assembly of local government dominated by the gentry at the provincial and district level (1864–1917); a volost-level zemstvo was finally established in 1917 but was soon supplanted by the Soviets.

Bibliography

Archives in Russia

AG Gorky Archive, Institute of World Literature, Moscow

GAKO State Archive of Kuibyshev Oblast’

GARF State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow

GATO State Archive of Tambov Oblast’

GAVO State Archive of Voronezh Oblast’

IM Historical Museum, Moscow

RGAE Russian State Archive of the Economy, Moscow

RGIA Russian State Historical Archives, St Petersburg

RGVA Russian State Military Archive, Moscow

RGVIA Russian State Military History Archive, Moscow

RTsKhIDNI Russian Centre for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Most Recent History, Moscow

TsGALI Central State Archive of Literature and Art, Russia

TsGASP Central State Archive of St Petersburg

TsGAVMF Central State Archive of the Military Naval Fleet, St Petersburg

Archives in Europe and the USA

BA Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, USA

BC Brotherton Collection, University of Leeds, England

CUL Cambridge University Library, Manuscripts Room, England

HLRO House of Lords Record Office, Historical Collection, London

Hoover Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California, USA

LRA Leeds Russian Archive, England

NLW National Library of Wales, Department of Manuscripts and Records, Aberystwyth

PRO Public Records Office, London

TCL Trinity College Library, Cambridge, England

Contemporary Newspapers

Delo derevni

Den’

Izvestiia

Izvestiia gosudarstvennogo kontrolia

Izvestiia vserossiiskogo soveta krest’ianskikh deputatov

Kievskaia mysl’

Krasnaia armiia

Krasnaia byl’

Krasnaia gazeta

Krasnoarmeets

Narodnoe pravo

Narodnyi pisatel’

New York Times

Novaia zhizn’ [NZh]

Novoe vremia

Pamiat’

Petrogradskaia pravda

Poslednie novosti

Pravda

Pravitel’stvennyi vestnik

Proletarskaia revoliutsiia

Rabochii i soldat

Rus’

Russkie vedomosti

Sovetskaia Rossiia

The Times

Trud

Vekhi

Vestnik komiteta uchreditel’nogo sobraniia

Volia Rossii

Znamia truda

Books and Articles

ABC of Communism, The, Ann Arbor, 1966.

Abraham, R., Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution, London, 1987.

Adelman, J. R., ‘The Development of the Soviet Party Apparatus in the Civil War: Centre, Localities and the National Areas’, Russian History, 9, 1, 1982.

Agabekov, G., OGPU, The Russian Secret Terror, New York, 1931.

Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1905–1906 gg., St Petersburg, 1908.

Agursky, M., The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR, Boulder, 1987.