A people's tragedy

3 Donskii, ‘Ot Moskvy’, 205; Sorokin, Sovremennoe, 229–32; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 170; Izvestiia gosudarstvennogo kontrolia, 3–4, 1919, 33; GARF, f. 4390, op. 12, d. 40, l. 17, 24, 53.

4 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 65; Cheka, 11; Fisher, Famine, 97; Gorky, ‘On the Russian’, 16, 18.

5 Figes, Peasant Russia, 267–73, 274–6.

6 Kniga o golode, 7, 16, 38–42, 48–53, 119, 123; Volia Rossii, 28, 29 Sep 1921; BA, ARA, Information Relative to Relief Work in Russia, Memo April 1922; Fisher, Famine, 90.

7 Itogi bor’by, 196; Kniga o golode, 52, 131–2, 140; Zenzinov, Deserted, 72–4; Fisher, Famine, 98; Raleigh (ed.), Russian, 209–10.

8 Conquest, Harvest.

9 AG, Pg-In; BA, Polner Collection, Box 1, Letter from Lvov to F. Rodichev, 10 Sep 1921; Wolfe, Bridge, 108–9; Heller, ‘Premier’, 131–44.

10 PSS, 53: 110–11; Heller, ‘Premier’, 147ff; Wolfe, Bridge, 112.

11 Fisher, Famine, 195–210, 308–32, 553, 557.

12 ARA Bulletin, ser. 2, 28: 6.

13 Ball, ‘Survival’, 34, 36–7, 41–2, 47; Ball, And Now My Soul, chs 1–3; Sorokin, Sovremennoe, 66.

14 Lenin and Gorky, 163; Zenzinov, Deserted, 10–17; Juviler, ‘Contradictions’, 263–5; Serge, Memoirs, 98; Biulleten’ otdela sotsial’nogo obezpecheniia i okhrana truda, 1, 1919: 17, 44–5.

15 Berberova, Italics, 188–9; Shub, ‘Maksim’, 244.

16 Khodasevich, Nekropol, 233–4; Khodasevich, Belyi koridor, 227–34; RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 149; Lenin and Gorky, 145–8.

17 AG, Pg-Rl, 23–44–35; RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 70; Fitzpatrick, Commissariat, 131.

18 Pyman, Life, 2: 274, 290–1, 374–5; Gorky, Fragments, 142–3; Vogel (ed.), Alexander, 75; AG, Pg-Rl, 23–44–3; Rg-P, 46–1–40.

19 Khodasevich, Nekropol, 113–40; Wolfe, Bridge, 121–2. Nadezhda Mandelstam, hostile to Gorky, claims he did nothing to intervene on behalf of Gumilev (Hope Abandoned, 88).

20 Pyman, Life, 2: 379; Berberova, Italics, 123.

21 TsGALI, f. 200, op. 1, d. 80, l. 3; f. 2226, op. 1, d. 1067; f. 66, op. 1, d. 296, l. 5; d. 312, l. 4–5; d. 324, l. 1–2; d. 913, l. 18; f. 122, op. 3, d. 13, l. 1, 5–7.

22 Pravda, 11 Jan 1923; Morizet, Chez, 241–2.

23 Lenin, PSS, 42: 159; Liberman, Building, 60; Stites, Revolutionary, 48–50; Wells, Russia, 135.

24 Danilov, Rural, 160–72, 271–91; Danilov, Sovetskaia, 212.

25 Mironov, ‘Gramotnost’ ’; Danilov, Rural, 42–4, 231–43.

26 Shanin, Awkward, 189–90; Kenez, Birth, 173, 186; Ocherki byta, 10–12.

27 Hagen, Soldiers, 300–2, 314–15; Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s, 36.

28 Iakovlev, Derevnia, 74; Khataevich, ‘Partiia’, 106; Iakovlev, Nasha, 33, 163; Male, Russian, 93–4; Weissman, ‘Policing’, 179.

29 GARF, f. 130, op. 4, d. 245, l. 377; Gorky, ‘On the Russian’, 23, 74; Izvestiia TsK, 2, 1989: 204.

30 Volkogonov, Lenin, 425–7; Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 198.

31 Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 197.

32 Volkogonov, Stalin, 69; Antonov-Ovseenko, Time, 25–6.

33 Fainsod, How, 182; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 462; Antonov-Ovseenko, Time, 27–9.

34 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 467; Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 198; Lenin, PSS, 53: 300.

35 Naumov, ‘1923 god’, 36; Lenin, PSS, 45: 327; Trotsky, My Life, 498–9.

36 RTsKhIDNI, f. 5, op. 2, d. 27, l. 88; Lenin, PSS, 40: 710; Volkogonov, Stalin, 80; Valentinov, Novaia, 185–7; Antonov-Ovseenko, Time, 23; Moscow News, 23 April 1989.

37 Fotieva, Iz zhizni, 279; Moscow News, 22 Jan 1989.

38 Izvestiia TsK, 9, 1989: 191, 196, 199–200, 205–6; Lenin, PSS, 45: 211–13, 356–62, 557–8; 54: 299–300, 330; Pravda, 12 Aug 1988.

39 Lenin, PSS, 45: 344–6.

40 Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 478; Lenin, PSS, 45: 327–30; 54: 674–5; Izvestiia TsK, 12, 1989: 193, 198.

41 Izvestiia Tsk, 4, 1990: 109; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 479; Volkogonov, Lenin, 428–9.

42 Weber and Weber, Lenin, 197; Nikolaevsky, Power, 12.

43 This emerges clearly from the recently published Stalin’s Letters to Molotov.

44 Deutscher, Prophet Unarmed, 106; Trotsky, My Life, ch. 40; Ziv, Trotskii, 76.

45 Izvestiia TsK, 5, 1990: 169–70; 6, 1990: 190. The phrase ‘police regime’ was borrowed from Bukharin (Izvestiia TsK, 10, 1990: 168).

46 Izvestiia TsK, 5, 1990: 178–9; 7, 1990: 176–89; Deutscher, Prophet Unarmed, 118; Broué, Trotsky, 373; Voprosy Istorii KPSS, 5, 1990: 35–7.

47 Izvestiia TsK, 10, 1989: 188–9; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 485.

48 Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 119–33.

49 New York Times, 15 June 1992.

50 Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 139–49, 160–4, ch. 6.

51 Argumenty i fakty, 576, Nov 1991, 1; The Times, 19 Jan 1994.

Conclusion

1 AG, PG-In.

2 Delo derevni, 20 Sep, 3 Nov 1917.

3 Kuromiya, Stalin’s, xi; Vorobei, Odin, 13.

4 BA, Bakhmeteff Collection, Box 5; Poslednie novosti, 8 March 1925.

5 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 22–4; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss. ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’.

6 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 219, l. 197–215.

7 A Radical Worker, 389–91; RTsKhIDNI, f. 72, op. 3, d. 687; Zelnik, ‘Fate’, 9–11.

8 AG, Pg-In; Berberova, Italics, 189; Troyat, Gorky, 156, 160; Moscow News, 25 Jan 1990.

9 Troyat, Gorky, 154.

10 Ivanov, ‘Pochemu’, 105–6, 109–10, 116, 129; Spiridonova, ‘Gorky and Stalin’, 417–18.