A people's tragedy

27 Rosenberg, ‘Social Mediation’, 181–3; Galili, Menshevik Leaders, ch. 6; Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 200–2.

28 RPG, 1: 317; Radkey, Agrarian Foes, 40, 216–18.

29 Suny, Revenge, 29–30, 45, 54, 63, 75; Guthier, ‘Popular Base’, 40.

30 Reshetar, Ukrainian, 320–1; Suny, Revenge, 48.

31 Khrystiuk, Zametky, 1: 46; Bociurkiw, ‘Rise’, 222–4; Frenkin, Russkaia armiia, 211–56.

32 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18.

33 RPG, 1: 334–5; Upton, Finnish Revolution, chs 1–6; Ketola, ‘Russkaia’, 293–6; Den’, 12 May 1917.

34 RPG, 1: 344–55; NZh, 21 July 1917.

35 RPG, 1: 374–7, 383–8; Stojko, ‘Ukrainian’, 9ff; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, 2: 89.

36 RPG, 1: 389–92; Reshetar, Ukrainian, 57; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.

37 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 199; GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 21a, l. 12.

38 Wildman, End, 1: 228–45; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss, ‘Gazeta “Dni” ’; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18.

39 ‘Iz ofitserskikh pisem’, 200; Kal’nitskii, Ot fevralia, 43.

40 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 2, d. 18; Polovtsov, Glory, 206; Heenan, Russian, 97–8; Ferro, October, 84–5; GARF, f. 1791, op. 2, d. 629, l. 73.

41 Trud, 27 May 1917.

42 RPG, 2: 1044–6, 1077–8, 1098; Wade, Russian Search, 26–38.

43 NZh, 23 April 1917; Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 242–3; Kievskaia mysl’, 3 Sep 1917; RPG, 3: 1242–4.

44 Roobol, Tsereteli, 133; Galili, Menshevik Leaders, 134–40, 179–85.

45 RPG, 3: 1241–2, 1267–9; Rosenberg, Liberals, 109–13; Wade, Russian Search, 47; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.

46 RPG, 3: 1276–8; Roobol, Tsereteli, 123–4; IM, f. 454, op. 3, d. 70.

47 Sukhanov, Russian, 269–70; Service, Lenin, 2: 154–5.

48 Karpinskii, ‘Vladimir’, 105–6; Valentinov, Encounters, 21.

49 For the latest (inconclusive) evidence on this subject see Volkogonov, Lenin, 109–28.

50 Getzler, Martov, 147–8; Service, Lenin, 2: 151–3.

51 Gorky, Lenin, 35; Service, Lenin, 2: 187; NZh, 10 Nov 1917.

52 Lenin, PSS, 31: 9–59, 99–100; Sukhanov, Russian, 274–5.

53 Sukhanov, Russian, 285–8; Lenin, PSS, 31: 113–16; Service, Lenin, 2: 155–60, 165–6; Lenin, Leninskii sbornik, 7: 307–8; RTsKhIDNI, f. 72, op. 3, d. 687, l. 2; Shub, Lenin, 109.

54 Trotsky, History, 300–7; Zelnik, ‘Fate’, 6; Rabinowitch, ‘Bol’sheviki’, 116–19.

55 Valentinov, Encounters, 148; Besançon, Intellectual, 193–6; Volkogonov, Lenin, 62.

56 Struve, ‘My Contacts’, 593; Volkogonov, Lenin, 35–49; Fischer, Life, 329.

57 Valentinov, Encounters, 50.

58 Gul’, ‘Byloe’; RPG, 2: 1209.

59 Voline, Unknown, 244; Rolland, Journal, 1168; Valentinov, Encounters, 148–51.

60 Trotsky, History, 303, 558; ‘Pis’ma moi’, 11: 35.

61 Fischer, Life, 57–8; Aronson, Rossiia, 47–52; Valentinov, Encounters, 42.

62 Service, Lenin, 2: 169–77, 185; Rabinowitch, Prelude, 46–7; Trotsky, History, 340.

63 Rabinowitch, Prelude, 42–5. For the view that the Central Committee had been planning a putsch see Pipes, Russian Revolution, 401–5.

64 Mawdsley, Baltic Fleet, 6–7, 21, 34, 51–3; RPG, 3: 1296–9; Raskolnikov, Kronstadt, 34.

65 Rabinowitch, Prelude, 260.

66 Rabinowitch, Prelude, ch. 3; Sukhanov, Russian, 402–6; Lenin, PSS, 31: 267.

67 RPG, 3: 1322–6; Sukhanov, Russian, 415–19.

68 AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–603 (published here for the first time).

69 NZh, 18, 20 April, 18 May 1917; AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–603.

70 Trotsky, Military Writings, 1: 215; Agursky, Third Rome, 171–2; Pyman, Life, 2: 268–305.

71 NZh, 27 April, 9 May, 18 May 1917; Taneeva, Stranitsy, 292; RGIA, f. 794, op. 1, d. 4, l. 4.

72 AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–601 (published here for the first time).

73 NZh, 7 Dec 1917.

74 RTsKhIDNI, f. 75, op. 1, d. 67, l. 1–3 (published here for the first time).

75 Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 196.

76 NZh, 25 April, 18 May 1917; AG, Pg-In.

77 Gorky, ‘On the Russian Peasantry’, 25; AG, Pg-Rl.

78 NZh, 18 April, 19 Nov, 6 Dec, 7 Dec 1917.

79 Gorky, Lenin, 30.

80 NZh, 23 April 1917.

81 AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–601.

82 NZh, 20 April 1917; AG, Pg-Rl, 30–19–603.

10 The Agony of the Provisional Government

1 Kerensky, Memoirs, 278–9.

2 Ibid., 271.

3 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; BA, Pronin Collection, Box 1, ‘Miting generala Brusilova’.

4 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 202.

5 RPG, 2: 925–6, 927–8; Heenan, Russian, 38–42, 44.

6 RPG, 3: 1739; Lockhart, Memoirs, 180.

7 Kolonitskii, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, 98; Tsvetaeva, Stikhotvorenie, 2: 63 (‘To the Tsar at Easter [21 May 1917]’).

8 Stepun, Byvshee, 2: 33–5; Kerenskii, Izdaleka, 204; Heenan, Russian, 103; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18.

9 RPG, 2: 913–15.

10 Rosenberg, ‘Russian Municipal’, 161; AG, PG-Rl, 30–19–603; Rougle, ‘Intelligentsia’, 72; RPG, 2: 486–7.

11 Paustovsky, Story, 486.

12 Pares, My Russian Memoirs, 459.

13 Botchkareva, Yashka, 151–68.

14 RPG, 2: 880–3; RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; Wildman, End, 2: 22–3.

15 Abraham, Kerensky, 199–200; Farmborough, Nurse, 269–70.

16 Kerensky, Memoirs, 274, 282.

17 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 200; BA, Pronin Collection, Box 1, ‘Miting gen. Brusilova’.

18 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18.

19 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 18; Wildman, End, 2: ch. 2.

20 Stepun, Byvshee, 2: 10; Brussilov, Soldier’s Notebook, 290–1, 307–8, 340.

21 Golovin, Russian Army, 197; Heenan, Russian, 97–8.