A people's tragedy

76 Antsiferov et al (ed.), Russian Agriculture, 140, 151–2; Anfimov, Rossiiskaia derevnia, 241–2, 280ff.

77 Antsiferov et al (ed.), Russian Agriculture, 222.

78 Leiberov and Rudachenko, Revoliutsiia i khleb, 17–20.

79 Strumilin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 5: 187; McKean, St Petersburg, 337–8; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 84–7; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 67–9; Binshtok and Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie, 24–35; Gernet, Moral’naia statistika, 97; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 176.

80 Shliapnikov, On the Eve, 75, 94; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 87ff; Smith, Red Petrograd, 48–53; Koenker, Moscow Workers, 88–90; McKean, St Petersburg, chs 13–14; Strumilin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 5: 186–7.

81 Siegelbaum, Politics of Industrial Mobilization, ch. 7; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 123–32.

82 Ivanov, ‘Volnenie’, 171–2.

83 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 159–68; Shklovsky, Sentimental Journey, 8.

84 Wildman, End, 1: 105ff; Chaadaeva, Armiia nakanune, 65–9; ‘Soldatskie pis’ma’, 134–59; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 282.

85 Sidorov, Revoliutsionnoe, 221.

8 Glorious February

1 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 28; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 199; Heald, ‘Witness’, 45; Trudy tsentral’nogo, 7: 1: 252; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 192.

2 Lih, Bread, 12; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 28; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 200.

3 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 26–9; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 21–4.

4 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 232–8; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 31; LRA, MS 790/20 (letter by Marguerite Bennet, 15 March 1917); BC, Ransome Papers, Telegraph 50, 10 March 1917; RGIA, f. 1282, op. 1, d. 741, l. 41–2.

5 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 247–53; Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 35–6.

6 BA, Finland Regiment Collection, Box 10, D. I. Khodnev, ‘Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia 1917 g. i zapasnyi battalion leib-gvardii finlandskogo polka’; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 253–5; RGIA, f. 1282, op. 1, d. 741, l. 89.

7 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 39–42; Sukhanov, Russian, 5; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 258.

8 Padenie, 1: 190.

9 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 267–9; Martynov, Tsarkaia armiia, 85; Kirpichnikov, ‘Vosstanie’, 7–9.

10 Cherniaev, ‘Vosstanie’; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 87–9; Padenie, 1: 195–200.

11 Kirpichnikov, ‘Vosstanie’, 10–15.

12 Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 221–38; Kievskaia mysl’, 3 Sep 1917; Sokolov, White Nights, 21–2.

13 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 45; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 404–5; Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 239.

14 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 105–6; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 15.

15 Kantorovich, ‘Fedor Linde’, 238; Romanov, V mramornom, 318; Gorky, Fragments, 167; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 9–10; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 123–4; Raskolnikov, Kronstadt, 4; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 16.

16 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 108; Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, 5: 219–20; Gorky, Fragments, 164; Berkman, Bolshevik Myth, 203.

17 Balk, ‘Poslednie’, 55; Shulgin, Dni, 162–7; Petrogradskii sovet, 1: 34–5, 46.

18 Sukhanov, Russian, 16; The Times, 17 March 1917; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 127; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 28.

19 BA, Finland Regiment Collection, Box 10, D. I. Khodnev, ‘Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia 1917 g. i zapasnyi battalion leib-gvardii finlandskogo polka’, 63.

20 On the body language of the crowds see my forthcoming book (with Boris Kolonitskii), Interpreting the Russian Revolution: Essays on the Language, Rites and Symbols of 1917.

21 Pitcher (ed.), Witnesses, 14; The Times, 16 March 1917.

22 RGIA, f. 1278, op. 10, d. 7, l. 1; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 7, 9–10; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 134.

23 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 119; GARF, f. 102, op. 341, d. 57, l. 24–9; f. 5849, op. 2, d. 33, l. 4–5; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 14–17; RPG, 1: 140; Anet, Révolution, 1: 129–30.

24 Sukhanov, Russian, 78, 95; Gor’kii, ‘Pis’ma k E. P. Peshkovoi’, 194.

25 See, for example, Simon Schama’s condemnation of crowd violence (and thus by implication the whole revolution) in Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, London, 1989. Richard Pipes’s approach in The Russian Revolution is coloured by the same prejudice against violence.

26 Sukhanov, Russian, 96.

27 Sorokin, Leaves, 14–16; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 19; Jones, Russia in Revolution, 163.

28 Mstislavskii, Five Days, 23; Sukhanov, Russian, 21; Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, 271; Aronson, Rossiia, 4.

29 Sukhanov, Russian, 43, 177; Trotsky, History, 18.

30 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 330–45, 380; Sukhanov, Russian, 59–62, 83–7; Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, 215–18.

31 Hasegawa, February Revolution, 348–59; RPG, 1: 45–7; Shulgin, Dni, 179.

32 Mstislavskii, Five Days, 30–1; Shklovsky, Sentimental, 15–16; Bulgakov, ‘Revoliutsiia’, 21; Nabokov, Provisional, 43–4.

33 Jones, Russia in Revolution, 165–6; NLW, Lord Davies Papers, C3/23.

34 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 303; RPG, 1: 47–8; Cantacuzène, Revolutionary Days, 147–9.

35 Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, 1: 237–9.

36 RPG, 2: 846–9; Petrogradskii sovet, 1: 49–50; Sukhanov, Russian, 113.

37 RPG, 3: 1223–4.

38 Mstislavskii, Five Days, 64–5.