A people's tragedy

77 Shanin, Russia, 1905–7, 198; Polner, Zhiznennyi, 110–11; BA, Polner Collection, Box 2, Death of Lvov.

78 Neuberger, Hooliganism, 237 (and chs 4 and 5); Bely, Petersburg, 11; Engelstein, Keys to Happiness, 240, 257–60.

79 Russkie vedomosti, 16 Nov 1905.

80 M. Gor’kii v epokhu revoliutsii, 52.

81 Kelly, ‘Self-Censorship’, 201; Vekhi, 89.

82 Lenin, PSS, 41: 8–9.

6 Last Hopes

1 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 338–9; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 129–31.

2 Szeftel, Russian Constitution, 119–20, 177–8, 260; Verner, Crisis, 300–2.

3 Gurko, Figures and Features, 23–5, 27–30. For a more positive assessment of the State Council see Lieven, Russia’s Rulers.

4 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 350.

5 Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 81–2; TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 324.

6 Baring, What I Saw in Russia, 255.

7 Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, 341.

8 Manning, Crisis, 199, 218; Hosking and Manning, ‘What Was the United Nobility?’; Atkinson, End, 53.

9 BA, Polner collection, Box 2, Lvov’s Death; Rosenberg, Liberals, 17–38.

10 Pares, Fall, 111.

11 Bok, Reminiscences, 122–5.

12 Ibid., 128.

13 Stolypine, L’Homme, 144.

14 Pares, Memoirs, 126; Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 210, 219.

15 Leontovitsch, Geschichte, 400.

16 Pares, Memoirs, 139.

17 Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, ch. 4.

18 Edelman, Gentry Politics, 10.

19 Korros, ‘Landed Nobility’, 134–8; Weissman, Reform in Tsarist Russia, 198–202; Edelman, Gentry Politics, 118–23; Bok, Reminiscences, 263.

20 Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 267–8; Miliukov, Political Memoirs, 229–30.

21 BA, Kryzhanovsky Collection, Box 2, mss. on Stolypin; Serebrennikov, Ubiistvo, 191; Bok, Reminiscences, 278–80.

22 Haimson, ‘Social Stability’, 1: 619–42. For a rather different view of working-class politics in these years see McKean, St Petersburg, esp. chs 4–5.

23 Semenov’s story is based on his own account in ‘Legko’; ‘Novye khoziaeva’; ‘Obnovlenie’; Dvadtsat’ piat’ let; and on his personal papers in TsGALI.

24 TsGALI, f. 200, op. 1, d. 80, l. 3.

25 Ibid., f. 2226, op. 1, d. 13, l. 354, 360; Narodnyi pisatel’, 7.

26 TsGALI, f. 66, op. 1, d. 312, l. 4–5.

27 Ibid., f. 200, op. 1, d. 80, l. 3; f. 2226, op. 1, d. 1067; f. 66, op. 1, d. 296, l. 5; f. 122, op. 3, d. 13, l. 5–7; Semenov, ‘Legko’, 253.

28 Robinson, Rural Russia, 194.

29 TsGALI, f. 122, op. 1, d. 1197, l. 42.

30 Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1905–1906, 151.

31 Figes, Peasant Russia, 57–61; Macey, ‘Peasant Commune’, 221–8; Yaney, Urge, 178–84.

32 Yaney, Urge, 156–60. The statistics of the reforms are notoriously difficult. The best general survey is Atkinson, ‘Statistics’. For a more recent survey at the local level see Pallot and Shaw, Landscape, ch. 7.

33 Sternheimer, ‘Administering’, 286–98; Macey, ‘Peasant Commune’, 228–30.

34 Danilov, ‘Ob istoricheskikh’, 106. Earlier figures, which tended to be rather higher, were, Danilov shows, based on computational errors.

35 Semenov, ‘Novye khoziaeva’, 275.

36 Samuel, Blood Accusation, 17.

37 Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, 90–8, 108–25; Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 255–7; Engelstein, Keys to Happiness, 299–300, 321–6; Diaries of Theodor Herzl, 394.

38 Tager, Decay, 29; Samuel, Blood Accusation, 26–7.

39 Tager, Decay, 39–40, 206; Samuel, Blood Accusation, 55.

40 Rogger, Jewish Policies, 40–55; Gruzenberg, Yesterday, 107; Tager, Decay, 147–65, 178.

41 Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, ch. 7; Haimson, ‘Social Stability’, 1: 619–42; McKean, St Petersburg, 149.

42 Edelman, Gentry Politics, 176–7; Rogger, Jewish Policies, 208–9; Rawson, Russian Rightists, 65–72.

43 Pares, Fall, 122.

44 Rogger, Russia, 168.

45 Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 233; Struve, ‘Velikaia Rossiia’, 144–6; Seletskii, ‘Obrazovanie’, 32–48.

46 Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 37, 131–3; Novoe vremia, 6 March 1914; Hutchinson, ‘Octobrists’, 225.

47 Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 71–2, 92–101; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 38.

48 Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 65; Kerensky, Crucifixion, 172.

49 Golder, Documents, 21.

50 Bark, ‘Iiul’ 1914’, 22; Spring, ‘Russia and the Coming of War’, 66.

51 Sazonov, How the War Began, 46–7; Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, 1: 43–4.

52 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 40–1; Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 111.

53 Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 9; Russian Schools, 166–7; Troyat, Gorky, 123.

54 Pearson, Russian Moderates, 12–13, 15–16.

7 A War on Three Fronts

1 GARF, f. 5972, op. 1, d. 26, ll. 3–5.

2 Stone, Eastern Front, 13–14.

3 RGVIA, f. 162, op. 1, d. 17, l. 97; d. 4, l. 108–10; Gourko, Memories, 11; Oberuchev, V dni revoliutsii, 62; Sokolov, ‘Aleksei’, 83; BA, Brusilov Collection, mss. ‘Gazeta dni’.

4 Lincoln, Passage, 83; GARF, f. 5972, op. 3, d. 70, l. 11–13.

5 Stone, Eastern Front, 61–8; Lincoln, Passage, 63–6, 69–78; Ironside, Tannenberg, 245.

6 Knox, With the Russian Army, 1: 90.

7 Golovin, Russian Army, 45–74; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 93–4.

8 Denikin, Ocherki, 1: 19; Heenan, Russian, 90; Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 37, 39.

9 Brussilov, A Soldier’s Notebook, 98; Lincoln, Passage, 124.