Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore other

see also Infrequency of heterosexual mating

Bryant, Anita

Buffon, Georges-Louis Lederc de

Bunyard, Peter

Butler, Octavia E.

Byne, William

Cameron, Anne

Cannibalism mammals birds

Capra, Fritjof

Caprio, F. S.

Captivity, homosexuality and see Explanations—pathology

Carroll, Lewis

Carse, James

Cattet, Marc

Chadwick, Douglas

Chaos theory

Chimera see Intersexuality

Chrystos

Cleopatra

Clitoral penetration see Penetration

Clitoris

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

Cloacal contact see Penetration

Communal breeding groups see Explanations—helpers; Nonbreeders—helpers

Companionships (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

see also Parenting; Trios, quartets

Competition for homosexual partners see Preference (homosexual)

Consortships see Partnerships

Copulatory plugs see Vaginal plugs

Counter-reproductive heterosexual strategies see Abortion; Abuse of offspring; Cannibalism; Egg destruction; Infanticide; Mortality, stress in breeders; Siblicide; Vaginal plugs

Courtship, other display behaviors (homosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Lek; Vocalizations

Crèches, nursery groups

mammals

birds

Cultural behavior, (homo)sexuality as

individual and/or population differences

language

rituals

taboos

tool use

see also: Ritualized interactions

cummings, e. e.

Cunnilingus see Oral stimulation

Dagg, Anne Innis

Darling, James

Daycare see Alloparenting; Crèches

Delayed implantation

Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors

courtship mammals birds

pair-bonding (including same-sex pairing in species without opposite-sex pairing) marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

parenting (including same-sex coparenting in species without opposite-sex coparenting) mammals birds

sexual behaviors primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

see also Duration of homosexual interactions

Dildos see Cultural behavior—tool use

Divorce, separation, mate-switching (heterosexual)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

Divorce, separation, mate-switching (homosexual)

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Dominance see Explanations

Donaldson, Stephen

Douglas, Lord Alfred

Dynes, Wayne

Duration of homosexual interactions

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: shore perching other

Duration of homosexual pair-bonds

long-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

short-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Eaton, G. Gray

Edwards, George

Egg destruction, abandonment (heterosexual)

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Egg/nestling transfer see Parasitism

Egg-stealing see Kidnapping; Sources of offspring

Einstein, Albert

Ejaculation see Orgasm

Embracing, clasping, hugging (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine other

Endangered species

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Erection (penile or clitoral) see Sexual arousal

Evolution

see also Post-Darwinian evolution

Excess copulations (heterosexual) see Group activity; Multiple matings

Exclusive homosexuality

lifetime mammals birds

other long-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

short-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Preference (homosexual)

Explanations of homosexuality

bisexual superiority

contributing to heterosexuality/breeding

dominance

helpers

mistaken sex indentification

nonsexual

pathology—captivity

pathology—hormonal, other physiological

population control

practice for heterosexuality

pseudoheterosexuality

shortage of opposite sex

see also Behavioral/sexual plasticity

Extra-pair (promiscuous) copulations see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds

Face-to-face (ventroventral) position see Mounting positions, variant

Faderman, Lillian

Fedigan, Linda

Fellatio see Oral stimulation

Forced copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity

Ford, Joseph

Fossey, Dian

Foster-parenting see Adoption; Sources of offspring

Fox, Greysolynne J.

Frassach, King Niall

Frequency, prevalence of homosexual interactions

Freud, Sigmund

Friendships, sexual see Partnerships

Gadeau de Kerville, Henri

Gadpaille, W. J.

Gaia theory

gay, term applied to animals see Terminology for homosexuality

Geist, Valerius

Gender roles (homosexual) see Explanations—pseudohetero- sexuality; Mounter/mountee preferences; Transvestism—contrasted with homosexuality

General Economy, theory of

Genetics of homosexuality

Genital rubbing (heterosexual)

Genital rubbing (homosexual) primates marine mammals

Gibson, William

Goerner, Sally

Goldsmith, Edward

Goodall, Jane

Gould, Stephen Jay

Greetings interactions see Ritualized interactions

Grooming, rubbing, preening (homosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

birds

Group activity (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Group activity (homosexual)