Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

Rape see Nonconsensual sexual activity

Reciprocal mounting (heterosexual) see Reverse mounting

Reciprocal mounting (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore other

Refusal of heterosexual copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference; Preference (homosexual) —ignoring opposite-sex partners

Reproductive suppression, delay (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Nonbreeders

Reverse mounting (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Rich, Adrienne

Ritualized and/or greetings interactions (homosexual ) mammals birds

Robertson, Doyle

Rollinat, R.

Rump-rubbing see Anal stimulation

Saunders, Peter

Savage-Rumbaugh, Susan

Schevill, W. E.

Schlesier, Karl

Selous, Edward

Sequential hermaphroditism see Transsexuality

Sex-change see Transsexuality

Sexism in biology

Sex ratios, skewed see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Sex segregation

migratory mammals birds

social/spatial primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals perching birds other birds

temporal/seasonal mammals birds

see also Delayed implantation; Sexual cycles, male; Sperm storage

Sexual arousal—erection, thrusting, etc. (homosexual)

primates: apes langurs, etc. macaques other

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

birds

see also Orgasm; Penetration

Sexual behaviors (homosexual) see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Duration of homosexual interactions; Manual stimulation; Mounting; Oral stimulation; Orgasm; Penetration; Ritualized and/or greetings interactions; Sexual arousal

Sexual cycles, male primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

Sexual friendships see Partnerships

Sexually transmitted diseases

Sexual orientation see Bisexuality; Exclusive homosexuality; Preference (homosexual)

Sexual plasticity see Behavioral/ sexual plasticity

Sexual pleasure Sexual arousal

Siberian/Arctic peoples see Indigenous cultures

Siblicide

Sikes, S. K.

Single parenting in pair-bonding species (heterosexual) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

Situational homosexuality see Bisexuality latent or situational; Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Skewed sex ratios see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Smuts, Barbara

Social, spatial responses (toward or by homosexual/transgendered animals)

interference, hostility toward mammals birds

nonchalance, curiosity toward

offensive attacks by mammals birds

partner defense by mammals birds

rank/status of

segregation/separation by

territory defense by mammals birds

see also Preference—competing for same-sex partners; Transgendered animals—greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by

Sørum, Arve

Soulé, Michael E.

Sources of offspring (homosexual parenting)

adoption (coparenting by nonbreeders)

coparenting by breeder and nonbreeder

egg/nest-stealing

foster-parenting in captivity

joint parenting by breeders

mating within bisexual trios/ quartets

nonmonogamous mating

parasitism (egg “donation” by other birds)

Sperm competition theory

Sperm storage

Standing Bear, Luther

Stephenson, Robert

Step-parenting see Adoption

Steward, Daniel-Harry

Stress of breeding see Mortality, stress in breeders

Supernormal clutches waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

see also Parenting

Supra-annual breeding cycles see Breeding rare, incomplete, non-yearly

Taboos see Cultural behavior; Incest (homosexual)

Tafoya, Terry

Tennent, W.J.

Terminology for homosexuality/ transgender

use of gay, lesbian

use of homosexual

use of other terms

see also Homophobia—use of biased/derogatory terms

Thrusting, pelvic see Sexual arousal

Tools, sexual use of see Cultural behavior

Transgender see Intersexuality; Transsexuality; Transvestism;

Transgendered animals

breeding or mating by mammals birds

greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by

Transsexuality

Transvestism

contrasted with homosexuality

female-to-male mammals birds

male-to-female mammals birds

Trios, quartets (heterosexual; in pair-bonding species)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

Trios, quartets (homosexual, bisexual)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Parenting; Sources of offspring

Trouessart, E.

Unwanted sexual advances see Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference

Vaginal/copulatory plugs, other birth control

Vasey, Paul L.

Violence, injury (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity

Virgin birth see Parthenogenesis

Vocalizations (during homosexual activity)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

von Hildebrand, Martin

Walker, Alice

Ward, Jon

Watanabe, John

Watson, Lyall

Weinrich, James

Whitaker, J.

Wild vs. captive/semiwild animals see Explanations—pathology

Wilde, Oscar

Wilson, Edward O.

Wolfe, Linda

Worster, Donald