Europe's inner demons

25 On folklore traditions concerning Holda see “Perchta”, in Baechtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, vol. 6, Berlin and Leipzig, 1934-5, pp. 1478 seq. (Perchta is the South German equivalent to the central German Holda); also J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4th edn., Berlin, 1875, pp. 22040; V. Waschnitius, “Perht, Holda und verwandte Gestalten”, in Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, vol. 174, Vienna, 1913, pp. 4-179; and W. Liungman, Traditionswanderungen Euphrat-Rhein, vol. II, Helsinki, 1938, especially pp. 656 seq.

26 Guilielmus Alvernus, De universo creaturarum, Part III, xii, 2, cap. 22, in Opera Omnia, Orléans, 1674, vol. I, pp. 1036, 1066.

27 Roman de la Rose, ed. E. Langlois, vol. IV, Paris, 1922, lines 18424 seq.

28 The work is the Speculum Morale, which appears as the fourth part in all printed editions of the Speculum Majus of Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190–1264), but which is now known to be by a later hand. The relevant passage is at Book III, part iii, Distinctio xxvii.

29 Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda aurea, cap. 102.

30 Jacopo Passavanti, Lo specchio della vera penitenza, ed. F. L. Polidori, Florence, 1856, pp. 318-20.

31 On latter-day Sicilian beliefs see G. Pitrè, Usi e costumi credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, vol. IV, Florence, 1952, pp. 163 seq.; and cf. G. Bonomo, Caccia alle streghe, Palermo, 1959, pp. 65-7. Pitrè’s book was originally published in 1889.

32 See Bonomo, op. cit., pp. 15–17, 59–60.

33 John of Salisbury, Policraticus, sive De nugis curialium et vestigiis philosphorum, lib. II, cap. 17 (ed. C. C. I. Webb, Oxford, 1909, vol. I, pp. 100-1).

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34 Johann Nider, Formicarius, lib. II, cap. iv. Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 89–90.

35 For the text from Alfonso Tostato, written in 1436: Hansen, Quellen, p. 109, n. 1.

36 Bartolommeo Spina, Quaestio de strigibus, cap. 30-1 (first published 1523).

37 Johann Weyer, De Praestigiis Daemonum, Basel, 1563, pp. 219-20; cf. Giambattista Porta, Magia Naturalis, lib. VIII, cap. ii (edition in twenty books, first published Naples, 1589).

38 S. Ferckel, “ ‘Hexensalbe’ und ihre Wirkung”, in Kosmos, vol. 50, Stuttgart, 1954, pp. 414 seq.; E. Richter, “Der nacherlebte Hexensabbat. W. E. Peuckerts Selbstversuch”, in Forschungsfragen unserer Zeit, vol. 7, Zeren, 1960, pp. 97-100; H. Marzell, Zauberpflanzen, Hexentränke: Brauchtum und Aberglaube, Stuttgart, 1963, pp. 47 seq.

39 e.g. in the chronicle of Mathias Widman of Kemnat, c. 1475, in Hansen, Quellen, p. 233. Cf. Johann Hartlieb, Buch aller verbotenen Kunst, ed. D. Ulm, Halle a. S., 1914, cap. 32, p. 20.

40 Sec above, p. 207.

41 J. R. Crawford, Witchcraft and sorcery in Rhodesia, London, 1967.

42 Ibid., pp. 112-13, 116.

43 Ibid., pp. 47-8.

44 Ibid., p. 60.

45 C. Ginzburg, I Benandanti, Turin, 1966.

46 Ibid., p. 9; cf. J. B. Russell, Witchcraft in the middle ages, pp. 41-2.

47 Ginzburg, op. cit., pp. 9-11, 20-4; and cf. pp. 43, 60-1, 67.

48 Ibid., pp. 12–13.

CHAPTER TWELVE: THE MAKING OF THE GREAT WITCH-HUNT

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1 Hansen, Zauberwahn, pp. 400-1.

2 Report by the Lucerne Chronicler Hans Fründ, first published in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 533-7.

3 Cf. J. Marx, L’Inquisition en Dauphiné, Paris, 1914 (esp. pp. 32–42); see above, pp. 38 seq.

4 Text in J. Chevalier, Mémoire historique sur les hérésies en Dauphiné avant le 16^e siècle, Valence, 1890, pp. 131 seq.

5 Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium, in MGSS vol. XXIII, p. 945.

6 Record of the entire proceedings in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 459-66.

7 Record of the proceedings in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 438-72. Cf. Jacques Du Clercq, Mémoires, Book III, chapter 11 (ed. C. B. Petitot, Paris, 1826, pp. 6093); and Nicolas Jacquier, Flagellum haereticorum fascinariorum, p. 27 (written 1458, printed Frankfort, 1581).