God's War: A New History of the Crusades

69. Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, p. 367; for his hostility to papal use of indulgences for war, MGH, Libelli de Lite Imperatorem et Pontificum, ii (Hanover 1892), 464.

3: The March to Constantinople

1. Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, p. 367; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 274, 277, 289, 340; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia iii, 244; Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 2–3; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 136 and passim; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, esp. pp. 111–12, 141–2, 147–8; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 141–2, 146; France, Victory, pp. 148, 210.

2. The best modern account of the campaign is France, Victory.

3. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill. p. 91.

4. The Lorraine and German expeditions are the prime concern of Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 272 et seq. For chronology, see J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March of Crusading Armies’, Traditio, 19 (1963), who amends H. Hagenmeyer, Chronologie de la première croisade (Paris 1902).

5. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, pp. 140–92 and 142–3 for his hostile account of Peter; cf. F. Duncalf, ‘The Peasants’ Crusade’, American Historical Review, 26 (1920–21), 440–53, esp. p. 441.

6. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, pp. 183–4.

7. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 286 and pp. 293–308; Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’, esp. p. 115 for comments on this background.

8. Nesbitt, ‘Rate of March’, esp. p. 173; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 278–82 for the size of the army and length of line in the Balkans.

9. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 280.

10. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 288.

11. Chazan, European Jewry p. 23 and, in general, pp. 1–37.

12. R. Chazan, ‘1007–1012: Initial Crisis for Northern European Jewry’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, 38–9 (1970–71), 101–17.

13. Chazan, European Jewry, p. 36.

14. Runciman, History of Crusades, i, 137 and pp. 134–41 for the pogrom; cf. Chazan, European Jewry, pp. 50–136; the chief Jewish sources are translated by S. Eidelberg, Jews and the Crusaders, pp. 21–75, 79–93, 99–115. Emich of Flonheim used to be known to historians as Emich of Leinengen, A. V. Murray, ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon: Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 70 (1992), 315–22.

15. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, p. 36.

16. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, p. 50.

17. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 295.

18. Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua, ed. E.-R. Labande (Paris 1981), pp. 246–8; Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 293; Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, RHC Occ., v, 20.

19. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, p. 108 (the Mainz Anonymous); in general Chazan, European Jewry, pp. 72–84; cf. the awkward passages in Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 53–7.

20. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, pp. 21, 112.

21. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 138, 139.

22. Cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 50.

23. Chazan, European Jewry, p. 145.

24. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 19; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 137–8.

25. Actes des comtes de Flandres 1071–1128, ed. F. Vercauteren (Brussels 1938), pp. 65–6, no. 22; the count of Roucy is a witness.

26. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 74.

27. Preserved in mangled form by Anna Comnena, Alexiad, pp. 313–14.

28. ‘Elias who had deserted from the emperor…’, Alexiad, p. 314.

29. H. E. Mayer, Mélanges sur l’histoire du royaume Latin de Jérusalem (Paris 1984), pp. 17, 22–7, 43, 44, 49; Murray ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon’, pp. 301–29, esp. pp. 314, 327.

30. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 2; G. Paris, ‘La Chanson du pèlerinage de Charlemagne’, Romania, 9 (1880), 1–50; J. Flori, ‘Pur eschalier sainte crestienté. Croisade, guerre sainte et guerre juste dans les anciennes chansons de geste françaises’, Le Moyen Age, 97 (5th series vol. v, 1991), 171–87.

31. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 274.

32. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 311, and pp. 305–11 for the Constantinople stand-off.

33. This, at least, is the impression given by Albert of Aachen, who listened to them.