God's War: A New History of the Crusades

83. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 150–51; cf. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 108–18; Itinerarium, pp. 195–203; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 167–9.

14: The Palestine War 1191–2

1. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 98 and, for the Palestine war generally, pp. 98–9, 104–21.

2. The main narratives for the events of 1191–2 by or derived closely from eyewitnesses include Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 145–234; Itinerarium, pp. 201–380; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 114–18, 191–448; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 169–92, 230–31. The best secondary accounts are Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 155–221, a vigorous, critical but admiring apologia for Richard I, and Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 295–361. On the siege, R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford 1992), pp. 212–35.

3. Itinerarium, pp. 208–10.

4. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 170; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 196; Itinerarium, p. 204; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 153.

5. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 207–8; cf. pp. 203–4 for Philip doing the same thing; cf. Itinerarium, pp. 210, 213–14.

6. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 108–9.

7. Roger of Howden, Gesta, Henrici Secundi, ii, 159; Itinerarium, p. 190.

8. Itinerarium, p. 202; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 115 for ‘cœur de lion’.

9. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 171–2.

10. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 153, 155; Itinerarium, pp. 83, 92.

11. Itinerarium, p. 214, cf. p. 204; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 208.

12. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 162, cf. pp. 156–7.

13. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, pp. 46–7.

14. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 179.

15. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 179; for Philip’s reputation, see Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 164–6; for his return journey to Europe, see the account by Roger of Howden, who went with him as one of Richard’s spies, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 192–9, 203–6, 227–30.

16. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 163.

17. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 179–80, to the abbot of Cîteaux on 1 October 1191.

18. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 164–5.

19. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 165.

20. Itinerarium, pp. 218–19.

21. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 173; for mutilation and execution, pp. 168–9.

22. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 173–4.

23. For the battle, Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 249–73; Itinerarium, pp. 247–61; for the dragon banner, Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 250 and, for the armed cart or tower on which it was carried, Itinerarium, p. 237 and Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 170; armed war wagons became familiar in the early fifteenth century, for instance in the Hussite crusades.

24. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 180.

25. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 165 and notes 53 and 54, p. 411.

26. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 185–6; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 229; Itinerarium, p. 232; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 165.

27. See Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 179–80; cf. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 277, ll. 7,025–30.

28. The letter of 11 October 1191 is translated in Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 181–2.

29. For these diplomatic excursions, Ibn Shaddad, pp. 187–8, 191–2, 194–6, and Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 21, 184–9 and refs.

30. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 196.

31. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 291 and generally, pp. 289–91; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 193.

32. Ibn al-Athir, RHC Or., ii, pt i, 55–6.

33. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 303.

34. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 197; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 307; Itinerarium, p. 287.

35. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 303, ll. 7,783–4, cf. Ambroise, L’Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. G. Paris (Paris 1897), col. 208.

36. Saladin’s view was confided to Bishop Hubert Walter of Salisbury in September 1192, Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 442.

37. Gillingham, Richard I, p. 192; cf. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 116 (1984).