God's War: A New History of the Crusades

27. Röhricht, Regesta, pp. 202–3; for the possible reply suggesting negotiation not war, J. Bongars (ed.), Gesta Dei Per Francos (Hanover 1611), pp. 1,125–9.

28. For the text of the treaty, G. L. Tafel and G. M. Thomas, Urkunden zur alteren Handelsund Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig (Vienna 1856–7), i, 362–73; cf. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 33.

29. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 40, 52–3.

30. Andrea, Sources, pp. 33–9; cf. J. M. Powell, ‘Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed’, The Experience of Crusading, i, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge 2003), pp. 96–102.

31. Andrea, Sources, pp. 46–54, 61–4.

32. Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral, i (Paris 1961), p. 14.

33. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 37; Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 73.

34. The Anonymous Monk of St Nicholas of the Lido, Historia de Translatione, RHC Occ., v, 253–78 and above pp. 255–6.

35. Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 362–73; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 33–5. Cf. the insightful discussion by J. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade and the Diversion to Constantinople’, Experience of Crusading, ed. Bull and Housley, i, 103–23.

36. E.g. the Anonymous of Soissons reflecting, perhaps, the views of Bishop Nivelo concerning the Venetians’ ‘excessive’ demands, Andrea, Sources, p. 233; cf. Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 37–41.

37. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 40.

38. Pryor, ‘Venetian Fleet’, esp. pp. 114–17 and note 6; Nicetas, pp. 295–6; the Devastatio Constantinopolinana and Hugh of St Pol, Andrea, Sources, pp. 186–201, 212–21.

39. Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 52–8 is a sensitive reading.

40. Nicetas, p. 295.

41. Andrea, Sources, p. 23.

42. William of Tyre, History, i, 552–6.

43. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 35–41 for this and what follows.

44. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 76–7; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 45.

45. Villehardouin, Conquête, p. 42.

46. Villehardouin, Conquête, p. 42 cf. Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, pp. 25–7 and refs. for a different view of Boniface as a ‘brilliant choice’; I am grateful to Dr Jean Dunbabin for her thoughts on the French royal dimension.

47. Gesta Innocenti, chap. 83, PL, ccxiv, col. 132; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 38; Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus, p. 481 note 1. King Philip could have argued he was formally involved, his putative approval having been anticipated in the Treaty of Venice, Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 367.

48. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 107–8. Boniface’s fame was also gilded by a personal publicist, his friend the troubadour Raimbaut of Vaqueiras.

49. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 37–8; Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 369.

50. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 45.

51. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 76–7; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 45; Devastatio, probably reflecting a Rhinelander experience, Andrea, Sources, p. 213.

52. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 41.

17: The Fourth Crusade: Diversion

1. Andrea, Sources, p. 166 and for the whole letter, pp. 163–8.

2. The main narratives are Villehardouin, Robert of Clari and Gunther of Pairis; important shorter accounts by Hugh of St Pol, the Anonymous of Soissons, the author of The Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt and the Devastatio Constantinopolitana, are translated in Andrea, Sources, pp. 186–264; the useful Chronicle of Novgorod is translated by J. Gordon, Byzantion, 43 (1973), 297–311; cf. Innocent’s letters and his Gesta in PL, 214.

3. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 42; Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 40.

4. Andrea, Sources, p. 213.

5. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 40; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 42.

6. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 43; Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 41; Andrea, Sources, pp. 213, 233; Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 77–8.

7. Robert of Clari recorded 36,000 marks, Conquest, p. 41.

8. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 43–4.

9. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 42.

10. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 43; Andrea, Sources, p. 250 and pp. 35–48; for Innocent’s correspondence cf. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, p. 78.

11. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 47–8.

12. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 44.