God's War: A New History of the Crusades

34. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 62–4, and cf. pp. 59–61.

35. Above, notes 33 and 34.

36. In general see Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 23–32.

37. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 148–9.

38. For a recent discussion, O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 70–76; for the financial precedents, ibid., pp. 152–76.

39. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 102, 119; in general see Bartlett, Making of Europe, esp. pp. 197–242.

40. See P. E. Russell, Prince Henry the Navigator (New Haven and London 2000); idem, ‘Some Fifteenth Century Eyewitness Accounts of Travel in the Atlantic Ocean before 1492’, Historical Research, 66 (1993), 115–28.

41. In general, see J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979).

42. Housley, Religious Warfare, esp. pp. 75–82, 201–4.

43. Toribio Motolinia, History of the Indians of New Spain, trans. E. A. Foster (Berkeley 1950), pp. 110–17. I am grateful to J.- J. Lopez Portillo for bringing this incident to my attention.

44. Quoted Housley, Religious Warfare, p. 202.

21: Frontier Crusades 2: the Baltic and the North

1. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 394, p. 467; see above pp. 292–3, 304–5.

2. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–77.

3. Above pp. 221, 243–7.

4. Above pp. 251–3; in general, Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea’.

5. H. Richter, ‘Militia Dei’, Journeys Towards God, ed. B. N. Sargent-Baur (Michigan 1992), pp. 107–26.

6. The best general account is by Christiansen, Northern Crusades; see also W. Urban, The Baltic Crusade (2nd edn Chicago 1994) and Bartlett, Making of Europe; A. V. Murray (ed.), Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500 (Aldershot 2001), esp. the bibliography pp. 278–85, with important refs.

7. See note 1 above; Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea’, p. 292; see rebuttals of Lotter in reviews by H. E. J. Cowdrey, English Historical Review, 94 (1979), 166–7; and J. Brundage, Speculum, 54 (1979), 172–3.

8. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, p. 169. This is the tone of much of Helmold of Bosau’s account, below, note 9.

9. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, pp. 169, 176–7.

10. Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, p. 76, cf. p. 79 for the rejection of Henry the Lion’s suit at Frankfurt; above, pp. 292–3.

11. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 180.

12. Jaffé, Monumenta Corbeiensia, p. 245; above pp. 305–8.

13. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, esp. pp. 165–72; see, in general, T. Riis, Les Institutions politiques centrales du Danemark 1100–1332 (Odense 1977).

14. De Profectione Danorum, Gertz, Scriptores, ii, 465–7.

15. Trans. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 69, and ref. note 37.

16. PL, 200, cols. 860–61.

17. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 188.

18. Henry of Antwerp, Tractatus de captione urbis Brandenburg, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH (Hanover 1880), p. 484; trans. Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 35.

19. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 221.

20. Cf. trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 77.

21. On the 1172 pilgrimage, Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, p. 10; generally, Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, pp. 233, 242–5, 254–64, 266–7, 274–5, 281–2; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 61–2, 69–70, 72; Bartlett, Making of Europe, pp. 268, 274–8.

22. Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, p. 215.

23. Henry of Livonia, Chronicon Livoniae, ed. L. Arbusow and A. Bauer (Hanover 1955) (cf. trans. J. Brundage, The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (Madison 1961)), XIV, 11; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 95.

24. Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, p. 9.

25. Innocent III to Valdemar II, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 78.

26. For summaries, Forey, The Military Orders, esp. pp. 32–9; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 79–83, 99–103, 128.

27. Gregory IX, Registres, ed. L. Auvray et al. (Paris 1890–1955), no. 2,097 (cf. nos. 2,098–2,102); Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, pp. 23, 29, 31, 34, 92, 132; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, esp. pp. 127–8; Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 195.

28. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 95–7, 221–2, 224–5.

29. Trans. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 128.