God's War: A New History of the Crusades

94. Although some resistance to further preaching was recorded in Germany, H. Hoogeweg, ‘Die Kreuzzpredigt des Jahres 1224’, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 4 (1890), 72–3.

20: Frontier Crusades 1: Conquest in Spain

1. Trans. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 27.

2. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40.

3. In general, see now J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia 2003); for the myth, P. Linehan, History and the Historians in Medieval Spain (Oxford 1993).

4. R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London 1992), a very accessible introduction, esp. pp. 35–8, based on R. W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period (Cambridge, Mass. 1979).

5. The central study of the crusade bulls from the eleventh to the twentieth century is J. Goni Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada (Vitoria 1958).

6. As in R. I. Burns, The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass. 1967) and his other pioneering works on the region.

7. See texts quoted by O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 5.

8. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 185–7.

9. Quoted, Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 75.

10. Glaber, Historiarum, pp. 82–5.

11. D. Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings (Princeton 1985); for a corrective view of Spain and holy war, Bull, Knightly Piety.

12. Trans. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 99.

13. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, pp. 100–110; idem, The Quest for El Cid (London 1989).

14. Trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 8, 30.

15. A. Ubieto Arteta, Coleccion diplomatica de Pedro I de Aragon y Navarra (Zaragoza 1951), p. 115 note 9.

16. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 24 and note 6, p. 228; in general, R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050–1150’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 37 (1987), 31–47.

17. The phrase is R. Menendez Pidal’s, La España del Cid (Madrid 1947), i, 147.

18. E. Emerton, The Correspondence of Gregory VII (New York 1969), p. 6; O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 29.

19. Contacts that impressed Bishop Pelayo of Orviedo (1101–30, 1142–3) in his Chronicon regum Legionensium, trans. S. Barton and R. Fletcher, The World of El Cid (Manchester 2000), pp. 87–8.

20. See, for example, the texts in Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, passim.

21. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 31–2 for translation; cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 18–20.

22. Ubieto Atreta, Diplomatica Pedro I, pp. 113 note 6 and 115 note 9.

23. Historia Silense, in Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 50–52.

24. The Poem of the Cid, ed. and trans. R. Hamilton, J. Perry and I. Michael (London 1984); Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 90–147 for the Historia Roderici.

25. See the discussion of this by R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London 1994), pp. 240–42.

26. See the discussion by N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002), esp. pp. 75–82, 201–4.

27. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxi (Venice 1776), col. 284; for a narrative, O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 32–41.

28. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 74.

29. R. Fletcher, St James’s Catapult (Oxford 1984), pp. 298–9.

30. E. Lourie, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’, Speculum, 50 (1975), 635–51; A. Forey, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’, Durham University Journal, 73 (1980), 59–65; O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 40.

31. Caffaro, Annales Ianuenses and the Ystoria captionis Almarie et Turtuose, ed. L. T. Belgrano, Fonti per la Storia d’Italia, ii (Rome 1890), 33–5, 79–89; G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 226–35; Eugenius III, ‘Epistola et privilegia’, PL clxxx, cols. 1,203–4.

32. Coleccion de documentos ineditos de la Corona de Aragon, ed. P. Bofarull et al. (Barcelona 1847–1910), iv, 314–15, no. 128; cf. N. Jaspert, ‘Tortosa and the Crusades’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 90–110.

33. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 123.