God's War: A New History of the Crusades

33. E. g. Lunt, Financial Relations.

34. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 62.

35. The Westminster Chronicle, ed. and trans. L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey (Oxford 1982), 32–3 (cf. pp. 34–7 on the sale of indulgences); J. A. Brundage, ‘Crucesignati: The Rite for Taking the Cross in England’, Traditio, 22 (1966), 289 ff.

36. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 76–83; idem, England and the Crusades, pp. 307–9.

37. M. Andrieu, Le Pontifical Roman au moyen âge (Vatican 1940), iii, 30, 228, 243, 330; M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy (Leiden 1975), p. 200.

38. Literae Cantuariensis, ed. J. Brigstocke Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), iii, 239, no. 1,051; Registrum Abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1872–3), ii, 191–2.

39. Above p. 873.

40. Trans. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, ii, 235.

41. Above, Chapter 1 and refs.; for Hostiensis, Suma Aurea (Venice 1574), pp. 1,141–2; Russell, Just War, p. 205.

42. See Mayer’s acute commentary, Crusades, pp. 320–21.

43. Housley, ‘Crusades against Christians’.

44. For what follows, S. Lloyd ‘“Political Crusades” in England’, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, chap. 6, pp. 133–51.

45. In general, J. R. Strayer, ‘The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century’, History of Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 343–75; N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982), who rather avoids some central issues by beginning the study in 1254; the biographies of Frederick II by Van Cleve and Abulafia.

46. See J. Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou (London 1998).

47. S. Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers (Cambridge 1958).

48. In general, Housley, Later Crusades, chap. 8, pp. 235–66; N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78 (Oxford 1986).

49. Housley, Italian Crusades, p. 137 and note 116 for contemporary contrast with Holy Land crosses.

50. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 333–40 and refs.

51. Hector and Harvey, Westminster Chronicle, pp. 33, 36–7, 39.

52. John Wyclif, Polemical Works in Latin, ed. R. Buddensieg (London 1883), ii, 582.

53. P. E. Russell, English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford 1955), esp. pp. 173–525; J. Edwards, ‘Reconquista and Crusade in Fifteenth-century Spain’, Crusading in Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, p. 167.

54. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 103; idem, England and the Crusades, p. 359 and note 74; Setton, Papacy and the Levant, iii, 1–141 for an exhausting discussion of Julius II.

55. For a summary, Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 249–60 and 482; idem, Religious Warfare, pp. 33–61.

56. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 359–67.

57. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 103.

58. Housley, Religious Warfare, pp. 195–7.

59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 343–5, 351–2, 362–7.

60. R. C. Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (Nieuwkoop 1967); J. W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia 1968), 1–58; M. J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces (Geneva 1986); Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 100–109.

61. G. Burnet, History of the Reformation, ed. E. Nares (London 1830), iv, 32.

62. R. Holinshed, Chronicles of England and Ireland (1587, reprint London 1808–9), iii, 262–4.

63. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 137 and refs. note 18.

64. Albert von Beham und Regesten Papst Innocenz IV, ed. C. Hofler (Stuttgart 1847), pp. 16–17.

65. Above, note 44.