God's War: A New History of the Crusades

Church reform movement of eleventh century 6–8, 45–7, 64, 68

Cicero 32, 34

Cilician Armenia 59, 126, 129, 131–2, 139, 149, 190, 194, 261, 319, 328, 427, 716, 723, 817, 826

Cistercians, order of, and crusade 296, 381, 497, 499, 503–4, 588

Clairvaux, abbey of 68

Clement III, pope 441, 479, 481, 482

Clement IV, pope 807, 809, 810, 896, 898

Clement V, pope 706, 830, 841, 842, 879, 909

Clement VI, pope 698, 889, 891

Clement VII, anti-pope 900–901

Clermont, council of (1095) 44, 58, 61, 62–74, 244, 248, 279, 386, 387, 655, 915

Clovis, king of the Franks 36

Cluny, abbey of 27, 63, 69

Cologne 3, 78, 100, 103, 309, 314, 398, 412, 414, 608–10, 685, 744

Coloman I, king of Hungary 95, 96, 99–100, 103, 109

Columbus, Christopher 672, 914–15

Comana 113, 122, 132

Compostela, shrine of St James/Santiago at 54, 70, 263, 657

Conon of Béthune, poet and crusader 389, 510

Conrad, constable to Henry IV of Germany 171, 173

Conrad, duke of Mazovia 699–700, 703, 704

Conrad III, king of Germany 8, 252, 256, 274, 281–2, 284, 286–338 passim, 384, 417, 420, 677, 679–80

Conrad III (Conradin), king of Jerusalem 724, 727, 728, 730, 806, 898

Conrad IV, king of Germany, II, king of Jerusalem 724, 725–6, 727, 756, 762, 898

Conrad of Krosigk, bishop of Halberstadt 506, 508, 517, 520, 528, 542, 557, 619

Conrad of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem 372, 384, 402, 404, 406–9, 411, 413, 415, 416, 428, 429, 444, 450, 452, 454–5, 461, 462, 464–6, 518, 723

Constance, General Council of the Church at (1414–18) 710, 842, 902

Constance, princess of Antioch 191, 194, 346–7

Constance of France, wife of Bohemund of Taranto 261

Constance of Sicily, wife of Henry VI of Germany 417, 424, 441, 489

Constantine the Great, Roman emperor 4, 5, 33

Donation of 5

Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor 10

Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor 850, 864

Constantinople 2, 50, 52, 59, 61, 98, 108, 110, 112–14, 116, 118–22, 172, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 359, 422, 425, 535, 851

fall of (1453) 844, 846, 847, 850, 860, 863–6

and Fourth Crusade 495–6, 501, 524, 531, 539–60

Latin empire of 524, 535–6, 550–51, 554–60, 632, 756, 761–2

patriarch of 4, 551, 616, 850

Contarini, Venetian family 181

Cordoba 2, 653, 670

caliphate of 13, 53, 54, 653–7

Corfu, council at (1203) 531, 542, 546, 547, 551

cour de la fronde 213, 232

cour des bourgeois 223, 229, 232

Crac des Chevaliers (Hisn al-Akrad) 150, 197, 198, 345, 403, 721, 813, 820

Cresson, Springs of, battle of (1187) 367

Crete 138, 556

cross, as symbol 63–4, 65, 70–71, 250, 255, 259–60, 279, 293, 375, 384, 389, 421, 480–81, 567, 657, 680, 755, 771–2, 803, 853, 854, 861, 892–3, 896, 908–9

Crown of Thorns, the 556, 558, 762, 783

Crusades

against Albigensians 563–605, 608, 610, 612, 622, 894; atrocities generated by 579–80, 584, 585, 590–93

to Alexandria (1365) 831–4

against Aragon (1285) 898–9

against Balearic Islands 664

in the Baltic 19–20, 168, 292–3, 296, 304–8, 341, 488, 491, 500, 652, 674–712, 756, 834–5, 837

in defence of Belgrade (1456) 837, 844, 866–9

against Bosnians 743, 756

Children’s (1212) 585, 607–11

in Christendom 168, 266, 489, 500, 529, 543, 551–2, 563–605, 623, 666, 756, 818, 834–5, 894–905; opponents of 904–5

communal structures of 93–4, 139, 149, 153, 155, 161, 162, 295, 299–301, 309, 311–12, 314, 327, 414, 420, 467, 510, 530–31, 542, 547, 607–8, 627, 631, 632–3, 644, 761, 763–4, 775–6

confraternities for 776, 878–9

to recover Constantinople 865–6

crusades against crusaders 904

devotional role of 473–4, 477–88, 497–500, 585, 604, 606, 607–11, 620–21, 737–8, 801–2, 803, 825–6, 827, 828–9, 844–5, 857–8, 888–93

against Fra Dolcino 899

of 1100–1101 170–5, 261

of 1107–8 193–4, 246, 258, 259, 261–3, 537

of 1150 336

in England 895–6

as ethnic cleansing 674

to expand Christendom 838, 914

Fifth (1213–21) 606–49, 725, 913; (1227–9) 736–55

First 7–8, 27, 44, 45, 46, 51, 58–164, 258, 483; image of 243–9, 255, 263, 308, 418, 468, 641, 659, 662, 773–4, 802, 829

Fourth 245, 266, 423, 495–560, 584

against Frederick II 762–3, 772, 774–5, 834, 895, 896–8

by Frederick II 736–55

German (1195–8) 488–96

as part of Great Schism 900–901

against Hohenstaufen 805–6, 834, 894, 895, 898

in Hungary (1514) 881–3

against Hussites 835, 862, 902

in Italy 835–6, 851, 895, 898–901

and kingship/nationalism 601, 672–3, 773, 776–7, 783, 794, 813–14, 831, 838, 872, 885, 906–12

and knowledge of wider world 912–15

the last (1684–99) 917

for Latin Constantinople 756, 761–2, 763, 772, 775, 835, 838

of Louis IX (1248) 93, 604, 630, 648, 722, 770–802

of Louis IX (1270) 805–12

to al-Mahdiya (1390) 852–3

against Markward of Anweiler 500, 516, 894

mercenaries on 499–500, 514, 531, 542, 743, 763, 802, 832, 878

of Nicopolis (1396) 836, 847, 851, 852–8

and Orders of Chivalry 855, 859–61, 878

against Ottomans 835–8, 843–74

passim

‘Peasants” 59, 78–81, 94–106

as pilgrimage 65–6, 72–4, 172, 175, 375, 384, 396, 421, 440, 610, 687, 752, 782–3, 811

popular, of 1309 879–80