God's War: A New History of the Crusades

Robert II, count of Dreux 432

Robert II, count of Flanders 59, 72, 82, 106, 114–15, 116–18, 119, 130, 138, 142, 150–52, 155, 157, 161, 248, 505

Robert II Curthose, duke of Normandy 59, 76, 82–3, 106, 114, 115, 116–18, 130, 149–50, 155, 157, 161, 246, 249, 262

Robert of Ansa 112

Robert of Arbrissel 70

Robert of Boves 528

Robert the Bugger (le Bougre) 573

Robert of Clari, knight and chronicler 498, 499, 505, 511, 513, 514, 525–33, 540, 546, 552, 554, 556, 557

Robert of Cokefield 390

Robert of Courçon (Curzon) 584, 613, 620, 621, 622–3

Robert FitzFulk, the Leper, Antiochene noble 191, 230

Robert FitzGerald 112

Robert FitzTristan 112

Robert Guiscard, ruler of southern Italy 11–12, 14, 20, 54, 112, 204, 537

Robert of Rheims, chronicler 86, 93

Historia 245, 418

Robert of Rouen, bishop of Ramla 117

Robert of Sourdeval 112

Rodrigo, last Visigothic king of Spain 653

Rodrigo Diaz, el Cid 20, 126, 204, 659, 663

Poema de Mio Cid 663

Roger, count of Foix 81

Roger Bacon, Oxford don 688

Roger of Barneville 116

Roger Borsa, count of Apulia 77, 112, 117

Roger, son of Dagobert 113, 114

Roger I, count of Sicily 14, 48, 55, 117

Roger II count and king of Sicily 14–15, 194–5, 248, 274, 289–91, 296, 319, 322, 324, 326, 537, 660

Roger Flor, Catalan Templar privateer 821

Catalan Company of 850

Roger of Howden, chronicler, crusader, civil servant 388, 390, 395, 433, 434, 435, 452

Roger of Moulins, master of Hospitallers 367

Roger of Mowbray 296

Roger of Salerno, prince of Antioch 187, 191, 192, 194, 196, 221, 265, 271

Roger of San Severino, Angevin bailli 731

Roger of Wendover, chronicler 721, 745

Romania, Frankish Greece 554–60, 848

Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 11, 96, 127

Rommersdorf, abbot of, letterbook of 615

Roncevalles, battle at 654

see also Song of Roland

Rorgo Fretel of Nazareth 169

Rouen 71, 100, 104

Roussel of Bailleul, mercenary 82

Ruad, island of 352, 732

Rudiger, bishop of Speyer 101

Rudolf of Habsburg, king of Germany 704, 816

Rügen, Rugeners 306, 678, 682, 683, 684

Rum, Seljuk sultan, sultanate of 12, 98–9, 118, 124, 127, 128–9, 173–5, 319, 322, 342, 354, 418, 422, 426, 534, 629, 636, 843, 848

Runciman, Steven 28–9, 101, 406, 495, 558, 560

Russia, Rus (Novgorod), principality of 10–11, 681, 684, 693–4, 696–8, 701–2, 710–11, 756

Ruthard, archbishop of Mainz 102

Saher of Achel 296, 309

St Benet Holme, abbey of 297

St Denis, abbey of 117, 289, 291–2, 440, 585, 610, 783, 811

St Edward, Order of 722

St Félix de Caraman, Cathar assembly at 574

St Germain, abbot of 38

St Mary, Hospital of, Jerusalem 221

St Mary, interfaith shrine at Saidnaya of 719

St Sabas, War of 727–8

St Symeon, Syrian port 135–6, 138, 140, 329

St Thomas of Acre, Order of 257, 745, 908

see also Thomas Becket

St Victor of Marseilles, abbey of 27

Saladin, Yusuf ibn Ayyub, sultan of Egypt and Syria 20, 158, 179, 200, 204, 211, 212, 225, 227, 235, 239, 343, 345, 347–54, 362–4, 366–74, 379, 492, 715

and jihad 21, 345, 352–3, 366, 403, 414

legend of 350–51

and Third Crusade 402–17, 418, 419, 420–21, 422, 425, 427, 443, 446–73

Saladin Tithe, the 381, 389–91, 393, 394, 431, 433–4, 437, 484

al-Salih Ayyub, sultan of Egypt 764, 766–9, 771, 784, 787–90

al-Salih Isma ‘il, ruler of Damascus 764, 766–7

Salimbene of Adam, OFM 816

Samaritans, sect of 213, 229

Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds 390, 392

Sancho I, king of Aragon 659

Sancho IV, king of Navarre 658

Sancho VII, king of Navarre 668

Santiago, Order of 256, 667, 670

Saphet, castle of 237, 372, 719–20, 721, 722, 807

‘Saracens’ 125

Savaric de Mauléon 623–4

Savonarola, Girolamo 908

Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler 682

Sayf al-Din, ruler of Mosul 268, 333

Scanderbeg, Albanian nationalist 846, 871

Schism, Papal or Great 852, 878, 895, 900–901

Sebastian, king of Portugal 672

sea power, shipping 61, 82, 138, 140, 148, 153, 170, 179, 289–91, 309–16, 389–90, 398, 402–3, 409, 411–14, 418, 433, 435–7, 441, 507, 508, 509, 511–14, 516, 627–8, 648, 689, 690, 718–19, 780–81, 799, 801, 802, 808, 816, 851

Selim I, the Grim, Ottoman sultan 844, 872

Seljuk Turks 11–13, 49, 81, 82, 83, 118, 119, 126–9, 136, 141, 173, 177, 181, 192, 271

Sergius IV, pope 55

Seville, capture of (1248) 668, 670, 671

Shaizar 188, 329

Shajar al-Durr, sultana of Egypt 789–91, 797

Shawar, Egyptian vizier 347–9

al-Shirazi, Baghdad legist 228

Shirkuh, Asad al-Din, Kurdish mercenary general 348–9

Sicilian Vespers, Wars of 818, 898–9

Sicily 13, 15, 53, 54, 55, 206, 374, 441–2, 896–9

Sidon 153, 179, 202, 204, 219, 265, 372, 492, 722, 748, 822

siege machines 23, 103, 139, 142, 155, 156–7, 162, 313–15, 332–3, 415, 433, 449, 450, 528, 540, 552–3, 586, 595, 634–5, 818–20

Sigebert of Gembloux 92

Sigismund, king of Hungary, Bohemia and Germany, emperor 711, 854–6, 902

Sigurd, king of Norway 251, 265

Silves, capture of (1189) 396, 414

Simeon the Armenian 132

Simon, count of Saarbrücken 631

Simon of Dover 309

Simon of Montfort, the Elder 505, 528–9, 531, 532, 542, 563–7, 576, 578, 579–80, 584, 586, 587, 588, 591–2, 593–9, 603, 605, 610, 612, 616