Good Calories, Bad Calories

Cephalic reflexes: Pavlov 1955:245–70. Nicolaidis demonstrated: Nicolaidis 1969 (“pre-adaptive”); interview, Stylianos Nicolaidis. Woods and his colleagues: Woods et al. 1977. “essentially anything…”: Interview, Mark Friedman.

Idea suggested by Powley: Powley 1977 (“self-perpetuating…” “Rather than secreting…,” 102).444 Rodin reported: Rodin 1980 (“major candidate…,” 232). “A feedback loop…”: Rodin 1985:14.

“hunger late in the day”: Sims and Danforth 1974. “developed marked anorexia”: Goldman et al. 1976:166. Calories in popcorn and cheese: USDA n.d. Footnote. Hurley and Liebman 2003.

“high levels of insulin…”: Cahill 1971:785.

Subjects inevitably fall off the diet: See, for instance, Anon. 1973; Select Committee 1977b:9. Described by Kemp: Kemp 1963.

Nucleus accumbens: Hoebel et al. 1999 (“is excessively activated…,” 559).

Avoiding carbohydrates lowers insulin: Grey and Kipnis 1971. “After a year…”: Sidbury and Schwartz 1975:71–72.

“generally be used safely…”: Van Itallie 1979. Transient hypercholesterolemia: Phinney et al. 2003. Interview, Stephen Phinney. Cited as another reason: Burros 2004b; interview, Edward Ahrens.

Kemp discussed: Kemp 1963 (“At least half of our patients…”).

EPILOGUE

Epigraphs. “The community of science…”: Merton 1973:339. “The first principle…”: Feynman 1985:343.

The four essays: Friedman 2003; Hill et al. 2003 (“energy gap,” “eating 15% less”); Nestle 2003 (“consuming more food energy”); Pi-Sunyer 2003. “For most adults…”: USDHHS and USDA 2005:14.

Von Noorden’s argument: Von Noorden 1907a:693–700. “estimate is theoretical…”: Hill et al. 2003.

“No one would question…”: Atwater and Benedict 1899.

“have stopped before…” and “This unending exchange…”: Merton 1973:339.

“the results of their enterprise…”: Kuhn 1970:163.

“Perhaps our most sensible…”: Becker 1987.

ADA recommends against carbohydrate restriction: Bantle et al. 2006.

“Sick Individuals and Sick Populations”: Rose 1985.

Ten or twenty pounds a year in the mid-eighteenth century: Cummings 1940:236 (U.S.); Aykroyd 1967:105 (U.K.). 150 pounds: Putnam et al. 2002:8 (U.S.).

Brains run more efficiently on this fuel mixture: Cahill and Veech 2003. IOM report: IOM 2002:275–80;285–90 (“without having to rely…,” 288).

Yudkin noted: Yudkin 1974.

NIH-funded tests of carbohydrate-restricted diets: Brehm et al. 2003; Foster et al. 2003; Samaha et al. 2003; Sondike et al. 2003; Yancy et al. 2004; Gardner et al. 2007. “the sugar and starchy elements…”: Anon. 1864c.

Typical American diet of today: USDA Economic Research Service 2005.

Results of the DPP: Orchard et al. 2005; Knowler et al. 2002. Footnote. Mayer-Davis et al. 2004.

“the largest, most expensive…”: Interview, John Foreyt. The goal and methodology of Look AHEAD: Look AHEAD Protocol Review Committee 2006.

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