Good Calories, Bad Calories

Proceedings of the NIH conference: Bray ed. 1976a. Presentations on physical activity: Lutwak and Coulson 1976; Björntorp 1976. On behavioral modification: Stuart 1976; Stunkard 1976c. On fasting: Drenick 1976 (“our experiences…,” 358). Young on diet: Young 1976.

Young’s presentation: Young 1976 (“weight loss, fat loss…,” 365; “No adequate…,” 364).

Proceedings of the 1973 London conference: Burland et al. 1974. Salans talk: Salans et al. 1974. Horton’s presentation: Horton et al. 1974 (“It is clear that…,” 225). Horton added that it was probably hyperinsulinemia: Discussion period, in Burland et al. 1974:249. Yudkin gave talk: Yudkin 1974 (“reduce superfluous adiposity…,” 276).

Harry Keen said: Discussion period, in Burland et al. 1974:361.

“You strictly curtail…”: Tarr 1972:13.

Rating the Diets: Berland 1974 (“much to recommend it” “helpful…,” 222; “the difficult-to-treat…,” 220; “pay little attention…,” 347). Obesity authorities would recommend: Bray 1978:254; Dwyer 1985:185.

Yudkin’s “no bread, no butter” argument: Yudkin and Carey 1960 (“the inevitability of calories”); Yudkin 1972c. “It is highly implausible…”: Yudkin 1974:274.

The High-Calorie Way: Atkins 1972.

“Dr. Pennington may be…”: Barr et al. 1953:137. “trash,” “potentially dangerous”: Quoted in Yuncker 1962. “nutrition nonsense…”: White 1962. Written by Van Itallie: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. “bizarre concepts of nutrition…”: Anon. 1973.

Mayer wrote: Mayer 1968 (“as aware as…,” “favors fat…,” 67; “tend to become…,” 203). “biochemical mumbo-jumbo”: Mayer 1973b.

“because that’s what was being taught…”: Interview, Robert Atkins. See also Atkins 1972:21–24. Gordon’s JAMA article: Gordon et al. 1963 (“not to produce…” “The total caloric…,” 55). Atkins said attention caught: Interview, Robert Atkins.

Bloom had noted: Bloom and Azar 1963; Azar and Bloom 1963. Atkins lost twenty-eight pounds, AT&T experiment: Atkins 1972:26–27.

Atkins in Vogue: Pierson 1970. Footnote. Bliss 1976:35.

“produce too much insulin”: Atkins 1972:32.

“ten thousand…”: Ibid.:2–3. Cleave as inspiration: Interview, Robert Atkins.

Third claim: Ibid. (“cruel hoax…,” 95; “the balanced low-calorie diet…,” 84–5). Bray published: Bray 1969; Bray 1970 (“The Myth of Diet”).

Atkins’s polemic: Atkins 1972 (“resentment…,” 26; “a revolution…,” 6; “Martin Luther King…,” 294; “lobster with butter…,” 3; “As long as you…,” 15). Stillman’s mega–best-seller: Stillman and Baker 1967.

Fastest-selling book: Select Committee 1973b:iv. “chief consequence…”: Yudkin 1974:273–74.

Background on Van Itallie, Stunkard, and Mayer: Stunkard 1976b:20; interviews, Albert Stunkard and Theodore Van Itallie. Van Itallie and White: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. “The Missississi River…”: Interview, Gerold Grodsky.

McGovern’s committee hearings on obesity: Select Committee 1977e (“Thus, what I am saying,” 205–6).

“denunciation”: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. See also his testimony in Select Committee 1977e:44–64.

“gross inaccuracies…”: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. “We just despised…”: Interview, Albert Stunkard.

Van Itallie and White’s critique: Anon. 1973. Mayer’s column: Mayer 1973b.

“a few hundred thousand…”: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie. Van Itallie’s writings: Van Itallie et al. 1976; Pi-Sunyer and Van Itallie 1975; Van Itallie 1978; Van Itallie 1979: Van Itallie 1980a; Van Itallie 1980b. Fourth International Congress: Hirsch and Van Itallie 1985. In Present Knowledge in Nutrition: Vaselli et al. 1984. No time to do research: Interview, Theodore Van Itallie.

Van Itallie on dietary therapy: Van Itallie 1978 (“increasing recognition…,” 610); Van Itallie 1979; Van Itallie 1980b:250–51. Footnote. Van Itallie 1980b:250–51).

Bray’s disagreements with Sims: See Sims and Danforth 1974. Bray’s conference résumé in the 1970s: Bray 1975; Bray 1976a; Bray ed. 1978; Bray 1979. Textbooks: Bray and Bethune 1974; Bray 1976b; Bray 1980.

Bray believed: Interview, George Bray. Bray’s treatment of Young in Obesity in Perspective: Bray 1975:43. “confirmation before they…”: Gwinup 1974:98. “The data are suggestive…”: Bray 1976b:312–13. The report on the NIH conference: Bray 1975; Bray 1976a (research priorities and “gaps in our current knowledge,” 1–6). Leading proponent: See, for instance, Bray and Popkin 1998; Bray and Popkin 1999.

Novin’s 1977 presentation: Novin 1978 (“widespread popularity…”). Bray omitted mention: Bray 1978. Greenwood’s “gatekeeper” presentation: Greenwood 1985. Hirsch ignores implications: Hirsch 1985. Footnote: Interview, Donald Novin.

Bray would routinely equate: See, for instance, Brody 1981c; Select Committee 1977c:106, 207. “highly commendable”: Select Committee 1977e:206. The MRC report: James 1977 (“commonly prescribed…,” 171).

“If such diets are truly…”: Quoted in Anon. 1973.

“The evergrowing list of diets…”: Select Committee 1977e:101. “The proliferation…”: Hirsch 1985:195.