Gulag

12. GARF, 9401/2/479.

13. GARF, 9401/2/479; Craveri, p. 337; Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism , p. 67.

14. Ivanova, ibid., pp. 67–68; Craveri and Khlevnyuk, p. 189.

15. Ivanova, ibid.; Craveri and Khlevnyuk, pp. 188–89.

16. Andreev-Khomiakov, pp. 3–4.

17. Kusurgashev, p. 70.

18. Vera Korneeva, quoted in Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago , vol. III, p. 454.

19. Zorin, interview with the author.

20. E. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 211.

21. Korol, p. 189.

22. GARF, 9489/2/20.

23. Efron, Miroedikha, pp. 127–28.

24. Usakova, interview with the author.

25. S. S. Torbin, Vospominaniya, Memorial Archive, 2/2/91; Korol, p. 190.

26. GARF, 9414/3/40.

27. Ilya Golts, “Vorkuta,” in Minuvshee, vol. 7, 1992, pp. 352–55.

28. Sgovio, p. 283.

29. A. Morozov, pp. 381–82.

30. Hoover, Fond 89, 18/38.

31. Bulgakov, interview with the author.

32. Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin, p. 336.

33. K. Smith, p. 133.

34. Cohen, p. 36.

35. K. Smith, p. 135; Hochschild, pp. 222–23.

36. K. Smith, p. 138.

37. Adamova-Sliozberg, pp. 84–86.

38. Rotfort, p. 92.

39. Herling, p. 236.

40. Andreeva, interview with the author.

41. Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward, p. 202.

42. Cohen, p. 115.

43. Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin, pp. 332–36.

44. Cohen, p. 26.

45. Antonov-Ovseenko, The Time of Stalin, pp. 332–36.

46. Cohen, p. 135.

47. Razgon, p. 50.

48. Yuri Dombrovsky, p. 77. Translated with the help of Galya Vinogradova.

49. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. III, p. 455.

50. Korolev, interview with the author.

51. Pechora, interview with the author.

52. Aksyonov, p. 382.

53. Quoted in Adler, p. 141.

54. Vilensky, Deti Gulaga, p. 460.

55. Adler, p. 145.

56. Olga Adamova-Sliozberg, “My Journey,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, p. 70.

57. Adler, p. xx.

58. Merridale, p. 418.

59. Cohen, p. 38.

60. Rothberg, pp. 12–40.

61. The most complete account of Solzhenitsyn’s life is Michael Scammell’s biography, Solzhenitsyn. Unless otherwise footnoted, all biographical information about him comes from there.

62. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn, p. 415.

63. Ibid., pp. 423–24.

64. Ibid., pp. 448–49.

65. Ibid., p. 485.

66. Sitko, Gde moi veter?, p. 318.

67. Rothberg, p. 62.

68. Dyakov, pp. 60–67.

26: The Era of the Dissidents

1. Reprinted in Cohen, p. 183.

2. Sobolev, p. 68.

3. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, pp. 48–53.

4. Committee on the Judiciary (Testimony of Avraham Shifter).

5. GARF, 9410/2/497.

6. Committee on the Judiciary (Testimony of Avraham Shifter).

7. R. Medvedev, p. ix.

8. Sobranie dokumentov samizdata, AS 143. (This is a collection of samizdat documents gathered by RFE-RL from the 1960s onward. The documents were not “published,” but rather photocopied, bound, numbered, and placed in a few major libraries.)

9. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, pp. 18–23.

10. Sobranie dokumentov samizdata, AS 127.

11. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, pp. 18–23.

12. Reddaway, Uncensored Russia, p. 11.

13. Joseph Brodsky, pp. 26–27.

14. Rothberg, pp. 127–33.

15. Hoover, Josef Brodsky Collection, Transcript of the Brodsky Trial.

16. Ibid.

17. Browne, p. 3.

18. Cohen, p. 42; Reddaway, Uncensored Russia, p. 19.

19. Hopkins, pp. 1–14.

20. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, p. 21.

21. Browne, p. 9.

22. Litvinov, The Trial of the Four, pp. 5–11.

23. Browne, p. 13.

24. Thirty years later, Chornovil, then a leading figure in the Ukrainian independence movement, became independent Ukraine’s first ambassador to Canada. Before he left, I interviewed him in Lvov, in 1990.

25. Reddaway, Uncensored Russia, pp. 95–111.

26. Ibid., p. 19.

27. Info-Russ, #0044 (see Archives in Bibliography). This is where Vladimir Bukovsky has posted the documents he obtained while carrying out research for the trial of the Communist Party, described later in this book. The documents later became the subject of his 1996 book, Moskovskii protsess , published in French and Russian. Some are also stored at Hoover, Fond 89.

28. Reddaway, Uncensored Russia, p. 24.

29. Ibid., pp. 1–47; also Chronicle of Current Events.

30. Hopkins, p. 122.

31. Ratushinskaya, p. 67.

32. Marchenko, My Testimony, p. 17.

33. Ibid., pp. 220–27.

34. Sitko, interview with the author.

35. Ratushinskaya, pp. 60–62.

36. Viktor Shmirov, conversation with the author, March 31, 1998.

37. Fedorov, interview with the author.

38. Marchenko, My Testimony, p. 349.

39. Fedorov, interview with the author.

40. Ratushinskaya, pp. 174–75.

41. Fedorov, interview with the author.

42. Marchenko, My Testimony, p. 68.

43. E. Kuznetsov, p. 169.