Gulag

44. Chronicle of Current Events, no. 32, July 17, 1974.

45. Bukovsky, To Build a Castle, p. 45.

46. Marchenko, My Testimony, pp. 90–91; E. Kuznetsov, pp. 165–66.

47. Chronicle of Current Events, no. 6, February 1969, quoted in Reddaway, Uncensored Russia, p. 207.

48. Chronicle of Current Events, ibid., quoted in Reddaway, ibid., pp. 20–216.

49. Marchenko, My Testimony, p. 69.

50. Sharansky, p. 236.

51. Marchenko, My Testimony, p. 115; Tokes, p. 84.

52. Sharansky, p. 235; Ratushinskaya, pp. 165–78.

53. Sobranie dokumentov samizdata, AS 2598.

54. Daniel, p. 35.

55. Marchenko, My Testimony, pp. 65–69.

56. Sobranie dokumentov samizdata, AS 2598.

57. Chronicle of Current Events, no. 32, July 1974.

58. Litvinov, The Trial of the Four, p. 17.

59. Reddaway and Bloch, p. 305; Yakir.

60. Chronicle of Current Events, no. 28, December 1972.

61. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Testimony of Alexandr Shatravka and Dr. Anatoly Koryagin).

62. Chronicle of Current Events, no. 33, December 1974.

63. Viktor Shmirov, conversation with the author, March 31, 1998.

64. Sobranie dokumentov samizdata, AS 3115.

65. Bukovsky gave an account of his experience at a Warsaw press conference in 1998. The text appears on the Info-Russ Web site (see Archives in Bibliography).

66. Bukovsky, Moskovskii protsess, pp. 144–61.

67. Reddaway and Bloch, pp. 48–49; Seton-Watson, pp. 257–58.

68. Bukovksy, To Build a Castle, p. 357.

69. Reddaway and Bloch, pp. 176, 140, and 107.

70. Info-Russ, #0202.

71. Reddaway and Bloch, p. 226.

72. Nekipelov, p. 132.

73. Reddaway and Bloch, pp. 220–21; Nekipelov, p. 132.

74. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, p. 190; photograph on p. 194.

75. Reddaway and Bloch, p. 214.

76. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, pp. 197–98.

77. “Three Voices of Dissent,” Survey, no. 77 (Autumn 1970).

78. Nekipelov, p. 115.

79. Reddaway and Bloch, p. 348.

80. Ibid., pp. 79–96.

81. Ibid., pp. 178–80.

82. Info-Russ, #0204.

83. Ibid.

27: The 1980s: Smashing Statues

1. Reprinted in Reavey, pp. 8–9.

2. Beichman and Bernstam, pp. 145–89.

3. Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR, pp. 20 and 119; Alekseeva.

4. Beichman and Bernstam, p. 182.

5. Reagan, pp. 675–79.

6. Berdzenishvili, interview with the author.

7. Ibid.

8. Bukovsky, To Build a Castle, p. 408.

9. Ibid.

10. Berdzenishvili, interview with the author.

11. Ratushinskaya, p. 236.

12. Walker, p. 142.

13. Reddaway, “Dissent in the Soviet Union.”

14. Gorbachev, p. 24.

15. Remnick, p. 50.

16. Ibid., pp. 264–68.

17. K. Smith, pp. 131–74; Remnick, p. 68.

18. Remnick, pp. 101–19; K. Smith, pp. 131–74.

19. USSR: Human Rights in a Time of Change.

20. “Lata Dissidentów,” Karta, no. 16, 1995.

21. “On the Death of Prisoner of Conscience Anatoly Marchenko,” Amnesty International Press Release, May 1987 (ML).

22. Ibid.

23. The closure of the camps does not, for example, figure in Walker’s The Waking Giant; Matlock’s, Autopsy on an Empire; Brown’s The Gorbachev Factor; or Kaiser’s Why Gorbachev Happened. The important exception is Remnick’s Lenin’s Tomb, which includes a chapter on the last prisoners of Perm-35.

24. Paul Hofheinz, former Moscow-based reporter, conversation with the author, February 13, 2002.

25. Matlock, p. 275.

25. Remnick, p. 270.

27. Walker, p. 147.

28. Info-Russ, #0128.

29. Ibid., #1404.

30. Ibid., #0130.

31. USSR: Human Rights in a Time of Change.

32. The Recent Release of Prisoners in the USSR, Amnesty International Press Release, April 1987 (ML).

33. Ibid.

34. Amnesty International Weekly Update Service, April 8, 1987 (ML).

35. Berdzenishvili, interview with the author.

36. Amnesty International Newsletter, June 1988, vol. XVIII, no. 6 (ML).

37. “Four Long-Term Prisoners Still Awaiting a Review,” Amnesty International Press Release, April 1990; also Amnesty International Newsletter, October 1990, vol. XX, no. 10 (ML); Klymchak was released by the end of the year.

38. Matlock, p. 287.

39. “Russian Federation: Overview of Recent Legal Changes,” Amnesty International Press Release, September 1993 (ML).

40. Matlock, p. 295.

41. Quoted in Cohen, p. 186.

Epilogue: Memory

1. Razgon, True Stories, p. 27.

2. K. Smith, pp. 153–59.

3. Alexander Yakovlev, Chairman of the Russian Presidential Commission on Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repression, conversation with the author, February 25, 2002.

4. Merridale, pp. 407–8.

5. Gessen.