Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

Prime Minister: A. Voldemaras (4 November–26 December 1918); M. Sleževičius (26 December 1918–12 March 1919); P. Dovydaitis (12 March–12 April 1919); M. Sleževičius (12 April–6 October 1919); E. Galvanauskas (7 October 1919–19 June 1920); K. Grinius (19 June 1920–2 February 1922)

Belarussia

President of the Executive Committee of the Council of All-Belarussian Congress: J. Y. Varonka (18 December 1917–21 February 1918); R. A. Skirmunt (21 February–9 March 1918)

Chairman of the Rada: I. M. Serada (9 March–May 1918); P. P. Alyaksyuk (May–June 1918); Y. Y. Lyosik (June–10 December 1918)

Ukraine

Chairman of the Central Rada: V. P. Naumenko and S. O. Efremov (joint acting chairmen, 27–29 March 1917); M. S. Hrushevsky (27 March 1917–29 April 1918)

General Secretary of the Central Rada: V. K. Vynnychenko (15 June–24 October 1917)

Chief Minister: V. O. Holubovych (24 October 1917–22 January 1918)

Hetman: P. P. Skoropadskii (29 April–14 December 1918)

Chairman of the Directory: V. K. Vynnychenko (14 December 1918–11 February 1919); S. V. Petliura (11 February 1919–7 May 1921; provisional to 15 February 1919)

Chairman of the Council of Ministers: Volodymyr Vynnychenko (9–15 January 1918); V. I. Holubovych (18 January–29 April 1918); M. I. Sakhno-Ustymovych (29–30 April 1918); V. M. Chekhivsky (26 December 1918–13 February 1919); Serhiy Ostapenko (13 February–9 April 1919); B. M. Martos (9 April–27 August 1919); I. P. Mazepa (27 August 1919–20 May 1920); V. K. Prokopovich (26 May–14 October 1920); A. M. Livytskii (20 October–18 November 1920)

Western Ukraine

President of the Ukrainian National Rada: E. Petrushevych (1 November 1918–22 January 1919; also 20 April 1920–15 March 1923, in exile in Vienna)

Chairmen of the State Secretariat: K. Levytskii (9 November–December 1918); S. Holubovych (3–22 January 1919)

Bessarabia

President of the Bessarabian National Council (Sfatul Ţării): I. Inculeţ (4–10 December 1917)

Chairman of the Council of General Directory: P. V. Erhan (4 December 1917–1 February 1918); D. Cugureanu (1 February–27 November 1918)

Transcaucasia

Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat: E. P. Gegechkori (28 November 1917–26 March 1918)

Chairman of the Transcaucasian Sejm: N. S. Chkheidze (22 April–26 May 1918)

Prime Minister: A. I. Chkhenkeli (22 April–26 May 1918)

Democratic Republic of Armenia

Chairman of the National Council: A. Aharonyan (30 May–1 August 1918)

Chairman of the Council of Armenia: A. Sahakyan (1–5 August 1918)

Chairman of Parliament: A. Aharonyan (5 August 1919–2 December 1920)

Prime Minister: H. Kachaznuni (30 May 1918–28 May 1919); A. I. Khatisyan (28 May 1919–5 May 1920); H. Ohandjanian (5 May–25 November 1920); S. Vratsian (25 November–2 December 1920)

Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan

Chairman of the National Council: M. A. Razulzade (28 May–7 December 1918)

Chairman of Parliament: A. Topchubashov (7 December 1918–27 April 1920)

Prime Minister: F. A. Khan Khoyski (28 May 1918–14 April 1919); N. Yusifbeyli (14 April 1919–1 April 1920); M. H. Hadzhinsky (1–28 April 1920)

Democratic Republic of Georgia

Head of State: N. N. Zhordania (26 May 1918–12 March 1919; head of the National Council to October 1918, then head of Parliament)

President of Constituent Assembly: N. S. Chkheidze (12 March 1919–25 February 1921)

Prime Minister: N. B. Ramishvili (26 May–24 June 1918); N. N. Zhordania (24 June 1918–1921)

Glossary

ataman: A Cossack leader (hetman in Ukraine).

aul: A village or settlement, often fortified, in Daghestan and the Caucasus.

Basmachi: Term, first deployed in Soviet times, to describe Muslim rebels in Central Asia. It has pejorative overtones (of banditry), but has become standard.

batko: An affectionate title (meaning “Little Father”) by which were known many of the insurgent peasant leaders of Ukraine and southern Russia in the civil-war years.

Black Hundreds: Right-wing, monarchist, and anti-Semitic groups in late-imperial Russia.