Читаем Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis полностью

Woller, Hans, Die Abrechnung mit dem Faschismus in Italien 1943 bis 1948, Munich, 1996.

Wright, Jonathan, and Stafford, Paul, ‘Hitler, Britain, and the Hoßbach Memorandum’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 42 (1987), 77–123.

Yahil, Leni, The Rescue of Danish Jewry. Test of a Democracy, Philadelphia, 1969.

——— ‘Madagascar — Phantom of a Solution for the Jewish Question’, in Bela Vago and George L. Mosse (eds.), Jews and Non-Jews in Eastern Europe, New York, 1974, 315–34.

——— The Holocaust. The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, New York/Oxford, 1990.

——— ‘Some Remarks about Hitler’s Impact on the Nazis’ Jewish Policy’, Yad Vashem Studies, 23 (1993), 281–93.

Zeller, Eberhard, Geist der Freiheit. Der Zwanzigste Juli, Munich, 1963.

Zeman, Z. A. B., Nazi Propaganda, Oxford (1964), 1973.

Ziemke, Earl F., Stalingrad to Berlin: the German Defeat in the East, Washington, 1968.

Zimmermann, Michael, Verfolgt, vertrieben, vernichtet. Die nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik gegen Sinti und Roma, Essen, 1989.

——— ‘Die nationalsozialistische Lösung der Zigeunerfrage’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.), Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik 1939–1945. Neue Forschungen und Kontroversen, Frankfurt am Main, 1998, 235–62.

Zitelmann, Rainer, Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs, Hamburg/Leamington Spa/New York, 1987.

——— Adolf Hitler. Eine politische Biographie, Göttingen, 1989.

——— ‘Die totalitäre Seite der Moderne’, in Michael Prinz and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.), Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung, Darmstadt, 1991, 1–20.

Zoller, Albert, Hitler privat. Erlebnisbericht seiner Geheimsekretärin, Düsseldorf, 1949.

Zuckmayer, Carl, Als wärs ein Stück von mir. Erinnerungen, (1966), Frankfurt am Main, 1971.

Zumpe, Lotte, Wirtschaft und Staat in Deutschland 1933 bis 1945, East Berlin, 1980.

INDEX

1st Belorussian Front 756

1st Panzer Army 629, 632

1st Ukrainian Front 756

1st US Army 737, 760

2nd Army 450, 454, 658

2nd Belorussian Front 756

2nd Panzer Army 454

3rd Belorussian Front 756

3rd Panzer Army 442, 647

3rd US Army 744, 788

3rd White Russian Front 738

4th Army 450, 758

4th Army (Romanian) 543

4th Panzer Army 442, 544, 545, 617, 793

5th Panzer Army 741, 744

6th Army 465, 530, 531, 537, 543, 544, 545, 547–54, 772

6th Panzer Army 747, 757, 787

6th SS Panzer Army 741, 743–4

7th Airborne Division 170–1

7th Army 638

7th Army (French) 542

8th Army 78

8th Army (British) 523, 535, 538, 540, 600

8th Army (Italian) 546

9th Army 531, 580, 647, 788, 793, 802, 805, 808, 809, 813, 814, 815, 826

10th Panzer Division 668

11th Army 514, 531

12th Army 366, 805, 809

17th Army 465

18th Army 359, 408

48th Panzer Corps 543

56th Panzer Corps 808

57th Panzer Corps 545

101st Airborne Division 744

A

Aachen 703, 737, 742

A4 rocket 622, 645

Aalborg aerodrome 288

Abetz, Otto 322, 475, 541

Abruzzi 602

Absberg, Franconia 426

Abwehr (military intelligence) 90, 157, 217, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271, 655, 659, 661, 667, 676

Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 25, 65

Adam, General Wilhelm 98, 103, 106, 107

Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) (‘Führer Headquarters’), Ziegenberg 742, 756, 768

Adlon Hotel, Berlin 170

Admiral Scheer (cruiser) 43

Africa 405, 423

Afrika Korps 540, 546, 586

agriculture 162, 186, 187

Air Ministry, Berlin 7

‘Aktion Reinhard’ 484, 603

‘Alarich’ plans 594

Albania: annexation of 193; Italian military setbacks 364

Albrecht, NSKK-Oberführer Alwin-Broder 797

Albritton, David 7

Alexandria 524

Algiers 539

Almería, shelling of (1937) 43–4

Alsace 315, 323, 744, 747

Alsace-Lorraine 664

Altmark 287

Alvensleben, Ludolf von 231, 242–3

Amann, Max 299

Amerika (H’s special armoured train) 294, 365

Amsterdam 590

Andalusia 15

Anglo-German Society 378

Anschluß xviii, 44, 45, 64–86, 147, 224; and Austrian plebiscites 65; a defining moment in the Third Reich 64, 83; Einsatzgruppen (task forces) 241, 246; legal framework 78–9, 80; provides the impetus to radicalization 64; a watershed for H 83, 92, 94

anti-clericalism 39–40

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 27, 158, 420

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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis

The climax and conclusion of one of the best-selling biographies of our time.The New Yorker declared the first volume of Ian Kershaw's two-volume masterpiece "as close to definitive as anything we are likely to see," and that promise is fulfilled in this stunning second volume. As Nemesis opens, Adolf Hitler has achieved absolute power within Germany and triumphed in his first challenge to the European powers. Idolized by large segments of the population and firmly supported by the Nazi regime, Hitler is poised to subjugate Europe. Nine years later, his vaunted war machine destroyed, Allied forces sweeping across Germany, Hitler will end his life with a pistol shot to his head.* * *Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler's startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.Amazon.com ReviewGeorge VI thought him a "damnable villain," and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (Hitler) and by Alan Bullock (Hitler: A Study in Tyranny)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 left off, the epic Hitler: Nemesis 1937–1945 takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote "bunker" mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.—Miles TaylorFrom BooklistAt the conclusion of Kershaw's Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring "living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, "achieving" them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the "Hitler myth," the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler's personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it "working towards the Fuhrer." Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw's narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.—Gilbert Taylor

Ian Kershaw

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