Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации

96 “Biofools”, The Economist , 11 April 2009; P. J. Crutzen et al., “N2O Release from Agro-biofuel Prduction Negates Global Warming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol. 8 (29 January 2008), pp. 389–395; реакция производителей биотоплива на эти открытия описана в работе: Lauren Etter, “Ethanol Craze Cools As Doubts Multiply”, Wall Street Journal , 28 November 2007; R. W. Howarth and Stefan Bringezu, eds., Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use , Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of Enivironment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22–25 September 2008 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2009), pp. 1–13.

97 DOE, EERE, “Starch– and Sugar-Based Ethanol Feedstocks” – см.: www. afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/feedstock_starch_sugar.html, обновлено 4 февраля 2009 г.; DOE and USDA, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (Washington, DC: April 2005); Jason Hill et al., “Environmental, Economic, and Energetic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel and Ethanol Biofuels”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 103, No. 30 (25 July 2006), pp. 11206–11210; M. R. Schmer et al., “Net Energy of Cellulosic Ethanol from Switchgrass”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 105, No. 2 (15 January 2008), pp. 464–469; Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Communication, “Fast-Growing Trees Could Take Root as Future Energy Source”, press release (West Lafayette, IN: 23 August 2006).

98 J. E. Campbell, D. B. Lobell, and C. B. Field, “Greater Transportation Energy and GHC Ofsetts from Bioelectricity than Ethanol”, Science, vol. 324 (22 May 2009), pp. 1055–10157; DOE and USDA, op. cit. note 97, pp. i–ii.

99 Nic Lane, Issues Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation Projects (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 26 November 2008).

100 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008 (Paris: 2008), p. 165; IEA, Member Countries and Countries Beyond the OECD , электронная база данных – см.: www.iea.org/Textbase/country/index.asp, просмотрено 23 апреля 2009 г.; International Rivers Network, “Frequently Asked Question about Dams”, fact sheet (Berkley, CA: 2004).

101 “Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, Xinhua , 7 May 2007.

102 Jason Palmer, “Renewable Energy: The Tide is Turning”, New Scientist , 11 October 2008; European Commission, “Tidal Energy – Promising Sites Worldwide”, ATLAS project Web site – см.: ac.europa.eu/energy/atlas/ html/tidalsites.html, просмотрено автором 24 июня 2009 г.; ABS Energy Research, The Ocean Energy Report (London: 2009) , pp. 13–23.

103 Choe Sang-Hun, “South Korea Seeks Cleaner Energy Sources”, International Herald Tribune , 9 May 2007; Choe Sang-Hun, “As Tides Ebb and Rise, South Korea Prepares to Snare Them”, International Herald Tribune , 31 May 2007; ABS Energy Research, op. cit. note 102, pp. 13– 23; Lunar Energy, “British Firm Announces World’s Largest Tidal Power Development”, press release (East Yorkshire, U.K.: 11 March 2008); IEA, Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy System (IEA-OES), 2008 Annual Report (Lisbon, Portugal: February 2009), p. 83.

104 Palmer, op. cit. note 102; Choe, “As Tides Ebb and Rise”, op. cit. note 103; ABS Energy Research, op. cit. note 102, pp. 13–23; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006” – в публикации: DOE, op. cit. note 3.

105 “Issued Hydrokinetic Preliminary Permits”, table in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Hydropower-Industry Activities” – см.: www. ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/indus-act/hydrokinetics.asp, обновлено 2 июля 2009 г.; Mike Hoover, Oceana Energy Company, письмо, отправленное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни 30 июня 2009 г.

106 Robert Silgardo et al., Finavera Renewables Inc.: Where There is Wind There is a Wave (Toronto, ON: Dundee Securities Corporation, 18 June 2007); “Issued Hydrokinetic Projects Preliminary Permits”, op. cit. note 105; сведения о Сан-Франциско взяты из статьи: Tom Zeller, Jr., “Wave Power for San Francisco?” Green Inc., – см.: Nytimes.com , 27 February 2009.