Nature's Evil

economy of scale 5 , 37 , 70 , 115 , 119 , 245 , 281

Edelman, Maurice 264

Edward VI, king of England 97 , 162

Eldorado 4 , 7 , 34 , 142 –3, 226 , 256 , 301

Elizabeth I, queen of England and Ireland 17 , 34 , 68 , 94 , 97 , 100 , 102 , 141 , 160

emissions 41 , 43 , 237 , 250 , 253 –4, 278 –81, 287 –91, 297 , 300

empires 3 , 6 , 16 , 170 , 176 , 180 , 183 , 196 , 216 –17, 298

and natural resources 32 , 37 , 50 , 56 –60, 63 , 69 , 74 , 77 –85, 97 , 104 –9, 123 , 132 , 141 , 144 –6, 149 , 161 , 169 , 198 –9, 211 –13, 243 , 252

overseas vs. terrestrial 25 , 153 –4, 165 , 187 , 191 , 220 , 242 –3

see also mercantilism

employment 26 , 30 , 90 , 169 , 228 , 248 , 268 , 274

enclosures 37 , 109 –10, 125 , 211 –12

energy 3 , 5 , 12 –15, 63 , 74 –6, 119 , 159 , 226 , 231 –87

Engels, Friedrich 209 –10, 245

Enlightenment 7 , 79 , 84 , 108 , 195 –6, 203 , 216 , 222 , 235 , 296

and consumption 71 , 161 –2, 170 –1, 211 , 222

entrepreneurs 32 , 46 , 80 , 91 , 119 , 134 , 148 , 156 , 182 , 195 , 207 , 252 , 255 –6, 283

see also curators

environment 13 , 93 –4, 102 , 114 , 154 , 231 , 233 , 241 , 249 –50, 276 , 278 , 281 –2, 287 –8, 298 –9

epidemic (pandemic) 2 , 22 , 58 , 76 –8, 92 , 134 , 146 , 273 –4, 289 , 292 , 300 –1

COVID-19 pandemic 61 , 250 , 298 –9

Epiphany Premudry 49

equilibrium theory 178 , 226

Ercker, Lazarus 149

Euler, Leonhard 235

Eurasia 6 , 12 –13, 24 , 47 , 51 , 88 , 123 , 131 , 227 , 250

Europe 6 , 12 , 17 , 19 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 34 –5, 37 , 67 –8, 70 , 78 , 121 , 134 , 145 –6, 200 , 225 , 240 , 248 , 260

Northern vs. Southern 16 –18, 24 –5, 44 , 52 , 82 , 95 , 148 , 152 –3, 231

Western vs. Eastern 20 , 26 , 29 , 40 , 83 , 111 , 156 , 170 –1, 194 , 227 , 234 , 248

European Coal and Steel Community 248

European Union 248 , 274 , 292 , 299

exchange standards 177 , 194

carbon standard 278 –9, 300

gold standard 179 –82

oil standard 270 –4

exclusif in French colonies 215

exotic, exoticization 71 , 118 , 135 , 156 , 165 , 170 , 208 , 293

extraction 4 , 84 , 91 , 118 , 134 , 154 , 202 , 206 , 230 , 243 –5, 252 –3, 264 , 268 , 278 , 290 , 296

and division of labour 205 –7

vs. processing 84 , 165 , 287

factories 29 , 36 , 41 , 69 –70, 98 –9, 117 , 119 , 138 , 149 , 156 –8, 184 , 209 , 212 , 242 , 245 , 258

factors of production 41 , 162 , 279 , 281

Fair Trade 84 , 284

fallow fields 25 , 27 –8, 34

Falun (Sweden) 150

famines 2 , 22 , 35 , 37 –8, 81 , 293

see also hunger

farms 26 –8, 32 , 35 –6, 117 , 169 , 205

arable farms 25 , 29 , 35 –9, 41 , 70 , 131 , 169 , 218 , 280

cattle farms 25 , 29 , 40 , 43 , 235 , 281

farm subsidies 36 , 43 , 277 , 280 –1

see also subsistence farming

fashion 53 –4, 61 , 63 –4, 89 , 110 , 117 , 167 , 171 –3, 183 , 188 , 201 –2, 208 , 263 , 281 , 286

fasts, fasting 40 , 44

fenlands 234

fertilisers 25 , 35 , 41 , 88 , 125 , 176 –7, 215 , 226 –7, 232 , 253 , 260 , 280

fetish, fetishism 3 , 64 , 177 , 265 , 286

in Marx 4 , 166 , 209 –11

and mono-resource platforms 3 , 64 , 110 , 145 , 176 –9

and staple thesis (Innis) 4 , 54 , 177

feudalism 5 , 72 , 100 , 140

fibres 25 , 31 , 86 –127, 132 , 135 , 167 , 240 , 253

and fiscal-military state 86

institutions 31 , 91 , 97 –103, 106 –7, 115

natural history 87 –90, 92 –3, 113 –14

processing 87 , 95 , 110 , 116 –18

Filippov, Alexander 98

fire 11 –19, 22 , 25 , 37 , 46 , 59 , 64 , 90 , 136 , 147 , 150 –1, 193 , 232 –3, 236 –40, 242 –3, 247 , 251 , 254 –5, 289 , 300

firearms 52 , 58 , 244

firewood 31 –3, 36 , 66 , 132 , 143 , 169 , 203 , 232 –3, 236 , 238 –40, 243

First World War 19 , 39 , 181 , 225 –6, 244 , 252 , 258 , 260

fish

extraction 4 , 44

geography 44 , 54 , 58 , 102 , 275

institutions 44 –6, 54 , 71 206

natural history 44 , 168

politics of 45 , 61 , 198 –9

processing 44 –6, 48

Fisher, Irving 226

Flanders 92 , 108 –9, 185 , 194 –5

flint 1 , 11 –12, 161 , 170

Flodorf, Adrian von 102

floods 21 , 23 , 42 , 65 , 134 , 138 , 200 , 224 , 232 , 234 , 240 –1, 291 –2, 298 , 300

Florence 42 , 48 , 91 , 160 , 288

food 1 , 24 , 41 , 43 –4

consumption 11 –13, 69 , 174

and emissions 43 , 280 –1

exchange for other resources 13 , 41 , 71 , 100 , 125 , 181 –2, 194 , 212 , 223 –6, 279 –82, 293

food security 37 , 211 , 219 –22, 234 , 242 , 262

production 36 –41, 44 , 113

Food Programme 38 , 262 , 282

Ford, Henry 226

Fordism 263 , 294

forests 4 , 11 –20, 23 –5, 36 , 46 –7, 55 , 68 , 88 , 100 , 116 , 128 , 134 , 139 , 146 , 150 , 152 –3, 156 , 237 –8, 241 , 243 , 281 , 287 , 289 –90, 292 , 300

see also timber

Forster, George 55

fossil fuels 12 , 19 , 61 , 86 , 238 –87, 290

France 19 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 51 –3, 64 , 66 , 68 , 73 , 75 , 105 –6, 109 , 115 , 138 , 145 , 158 , 169 , 187 , 190 , 193 –6, 213 –16, 234 , 247 –8, 260 , 282 , 285

Franklin, Benjamin 218 , 220

Franz Joseph, emperor of Austria-Hungary 254 –5

Fraser, Nancy 300

Frederick the Great, king of Prussia 34 , 52 , 75 , 153 –5, 227 , 235 , 237 , 293

free-rider problem 298

free trade 36 –7, 76 , 79 –81, 98 , 102 , 113 , 199 , 201 –2, 213 , 216 –19, 224 , 227 –8, 234 , 249 , 262 , 272

French West Indies 68 , 215 –17

Freud, Sigmund 274