Неудобное наследство: Гены, расы и история человечества

   4. Nicholas Wade, “Gene Study Identifies 5 Main Human Populations, Linking Them to Geography,” New York Times December 20, 2002.

   5. Nicholas Wade, “Human Have Spread Globally, and Evolved Locally,” New York Times, June 26, 2007.

   6. Noah A. Rosenberg et al., “Genetic Structure of Human Populations,” Science 298, no. 5602 (Dec. 20, 2002): 2381–85.

   7. Frank B. Livingstone and Theodosius Dobzhansky, “On the Non–Existence of Human Races,” Current Anthropology 3, no. 3 (June 1962): 279.

   8. David Serre and Svante Pääbo, “Evidence for Gradients of Human Genetic Diversity Within and Among Continents,” Genome Research 14 (2004),1679–85.

   9. Noah A. Rosenberg et al., “Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure,” PLoS Genetics 1, no. 6 (2005): 660–71.

   10. Jun Z. Li et al., “Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome–Wide Patterns of Variation,” Science 319, no. 5866 (Feb. 22, 2008): 1100–1104.

   11. Sarah A. Tishkoff et al., “The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans,” Science324, no. 5930 (May 22, 2009): 1035–44.

   12. Benjamin F. Voight, Sridhar Kudaravalli, Xiaoquan Wen, Jonathan K. Pritchard, “A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome,” PLoS Biology 4, no. 3 (Mar. 2006): 446–53.

   13. Sharon R. Grossman et al., “Identifying Recent Adaptations in Large–Scale Genomic Data,” Cell 152, no. 4 (Feb. 14, 2013): 703–13.

   14. Там же.

   15. Joshua M. Akey, “Constructing Genomic Maps of Positive Selection in Humans: Where Do We Go from Here?” Genome Research 19, no. 5 (May 2009): 711–22.

   16. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, “Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing,” Current Biology 13, no. 16 (Aug. 19, 2003): 1414–17. Другой исследователь вшей, Дэвид Рид, утверждает, что верна более древняя датировка — возможно, 500 000 лет назад.

   17. David López Herráez et al., “Genetic Variation and Recent Positive Selection in Worldwide Human Populations: Evidence from Nearly 1 Million SNPs,” PLoS One 4, no. 11 (Nov. 18, 2009): 1–16.

   18. Graham Coop et al., “The Role of Geography in Human Adaptation,” PLoS Genetics 5, no. 6 (June 2009): 1–16.

   19. Matthew B. Gross and Cassandra Kniffen, “Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines: DARC,” Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Dec. 10, 2012, http://omim.org/entry/613665.

   20. C. T. Miller et.al., “cis-Regulatory Changes in Kit Ligand Expression and Parallel Evolution of Pigmentation in Sticklebacks and Humans”, Cell 131 (2007): 1179–1189.

   21. Ryan D. Hernandez et al,. “Classic Selective Sweeps Were Rare in Recent Human Evolution,” Science331, no. 6019 (Feb. 18, 2011): 920–24.

   22. Jonathan K. Pritchard, “Adaptation — Not by Sweeps Alone,” Nature Reviews Genetics 11, no. 10 (Oct. 2010): 665–67.

   23. Hua Tang et al., “Genetic Structure, Self–Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case–Control Association Studies,” American Journal of Human Genetics 76, no. 2 (Feb. 2005): 268–75.

   24. Roman Kosoy et al., “Ancestry Informative Marker Sets for Determining Continental Origin and Admixture Proportions in Common Populations in America,” Human Mutation 30, no. 1 (Jan. 2009), 69–78.

   25. Wenfei Jin et al., “A Genome–Wide Detection of Natural Selection in African Americans Pre- and Post–Admixture,” Genome Research 22, no. 3 (Mar. 1, 2012): 519–27.

   26. Gaurav Bhatia et al., “Genome–Wide Scan of 29,141 African Americans Finds No Evidence of Directional Selection Since Admixture,” American Journal of Human Genetics 2014, 95, 437–44.

   27. Richard Lewontin, “The Apportionment of Human Diversity,” Evolutionary Biology 6 (1972): 396–97, цитируется Эшли Монтагю в “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race,” 6th ed. (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press/Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 45–46.

   28. Цитируется Дэниэлом Хартлом и Эндрю Кларком в “Principles of Population Genetics,” 3d ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1997), 119.

   29. Цитируется Генри Харпендингом и Аланом Роджерсом в “Genetic Perspectives in Human Origins and Differentiation,” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 1 (2000), 361–85.

   30. A. W. F. Edwards, “Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin’s Fallacy,” BioEssays 25, no. 8 (Aug. 2003): 798–801.

   31. Ed Hagen, “Biological Aspects of Race,” American Association of Physical Anthropologists position statement, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101 (1996): 569–70, www.physanth.org/association/position–statements/biological–aspects–of–race.

   32. American Anthropological Association, “Statement on ‘Race,’” May 17, 1998, www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm.

Глава 6. Общества и институты

   1. Norbert Elias, The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18–19.

   2. Douglass C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 99.