Russia

Soviet Union, 2, 320—1; 500-day regeneration plan for, 294—5; acquisition of territories, 261; apparent stability of, 283-4; Autonomous Provinces, 245; Autonomous Republics, 244-5; censorship, propaganda and public relations in, 150, 252; collapse of, 281, 324; collectivization programmes, 252-3, 268-9, 274-5; constitution for, 244-6; continuities with old regime, 238, 239; and demobilization, 264-5; demographic/economic changes 271—4; deportations in, 256, 271; and detente, 278-9; deteriorating standard of living in, 292; disastrous aftermath of collapse, 301-2; dissidents in, 283; easing of foreign and domestic attitudes, 268; and East-West relations, 286—7; economic problems in, 240—2; enlightened attitudes of, 245—6; events leading to collapse of, 282-6; as a Federation of National Republics, 242—6; final disintegration of, 298—300; and freedom for satellite countries, 290—6; Gorbachev reforms in, 284—8; increasing influence of, 270-1; introduction of democratic practices, 287; judicious use of repression/concession, 269; labour camps in, 253; management of, 271—2; military disasters/victories, 255-60; mineral wealth of, 285; nationalist sentiments in, 273-4; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 254, 261, 292; New Economic Policy, 242, 246; new security agency in, 239—40; nuclear weapons in, 269, 277-8; political coup in, 296-8; and political/constitutional reform, 289; and post-war territorial divisions, 262-3; presence/influence in Eastern Europe, 265—7, 274-7; prestige/world influence, 261—2, 280—1; reasons for collapse, 298-300; and removal of conservative elements, 290; science/technology in, 279—80; social/economic crisis in, 246-8; space missions, 269, 270; succession of disasters in, 286—8; trade agreements, 269; trials, executions and purges in, 252, 267; urban/industrial building projects, 250—2; uskorenie, glasnost and perestroika in, 285, 287, 288; war casualties, 264; Western attempts to curtail, 269; withdrawal of troops and non-interference policies, 288—9

Spafarius (Romanian in Tsar’s service), 148

Spain, 6, 171

Speranskii, Mikhail, 198

Spiridonov, Admiral, 172

Sprengtporten, Colonel G.M., 192

Stakhanov (a miner), 250

Stalin, Joseph, 246, 261, 271, 273, 321; adherence to post-war agreements, 264; character of, 252—3; Communist ideology, 264; death of, 267; and Georgian independence, 244; and issue of Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Russia, 242; and management of war, 255, 257, 258; patriotic speech by, 247—8; and the ‘percentage agreement’, 263; popularity of, 268; and Nazi-Soviet pact, 254; and war against Japan, 264

Stalingrad, 110; battle of, 257—60; see also

Tsaritsyn

Star Wars, 286, 298

Stefan, abbot, 59

Stephen of Novgorod, 50, 57—8

Stiglitz, J., 311

Stolypin, Petr, Premier, 231-2, 272

Strabo, 17

Strategic Arms Limitation, 277

Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’), 282

Strobel, Lieut.-Col. van, 137

Stroganov, Grigorii, 96—7, 110 , 173

Stroganov venture, 130

Sungir archaeological site, 5

Sunzha, 180

Suvurov, Generalissimo Aleksandr, 179

Suzdal, 44, 46, 52

Sviatopolk (son of Iziaslav), 42

Sviatoslav the resentful, 27

Sviatoslav (son of laroslav), 41, 42

Sviatoslav (son of Olga/Helen), 37-8

Svoboda, Colonel (later President of Czechoslovakia), 262

Sweden, 1, 4, 49, 55, 79, 98, 108, 122, 142, 143, 146, 188; war with, 152—6, 168

Syr-Darya river, 160, 173, 209

Tabriz, 204

Taiwan, 326

Tajikistan, 278, 325

Tajiks, 217

Taliban, 308

Tallin, 104

Talyanky, 10, 18

Taman (Tmutorakhan), 41

Tamara, Queen of Georgia, 44

Tamerlane the Great, 63

Tannenberg, 234

Tara, 110

Tashkent, 160, 173, 209, 216, 222

Tatars, 46-7, 48, 52, 70, 78, 96, 140, 146, 158, 164, 176, 187, 199, 216, 245, 248, 319; alliance with Ivan the Great, 79; arrival of, 46—7; attacks on Moscow, 62-3, 66; baskak (officials), 49; defeats of, 57, 92; exploitation of Russian assets by, 49—50; imposition of power by, 49; relationship with princes, 49—50, 53—5; religious toleration of, 51; uprising against, 54; see also Mongols

Tatary, 273

Tavasarans, 94

Tbilisi, 191, 205, 223, 292, 325

Tehran (1943), 262

Temriuk (Kabardinian prince), 93

Terek Cossacks, 203, 243

Terek river, 93, 94, 191, 203, 257

Terka, 93, 112

Teutonic Knights, 49

Theodora, Empress, 34

‘Third Rome’, myth of the, 1, 85

Third World, 261, 280

Thirteen Years War, 138

Tibet, 145, 188, 326

Tien Shan mountains, 222

Tiflis see Tbilisi

Tilsit, 190, 254

Time of Troubles (era of confusion concluding Muscovite period), 108-27, 129, 144, 323

Tiumen, no

Tiutchev EL, 215

Tobolsk, no

Tokhtamysh (Tatar leader), 60

Tomsk, 280

Toropets, 69

Torzhok, 72

Totleben, General Ye. I., 210 towns/cities: additions, 44; changing relative importance of, 51—3; development of, 20-1, 23-4; expansion of, 44, 110 ; movement away from, 58; as tribal headquarters and agricultural centres, 24