Russia

Nicholas II, 224, 225, 231, 320; character faults, 232-3; incompetence of, 235-6

Nikon Chronicle, 90

Nizhnii-Novgorod, 60, 62, 125, 213-14,

251 Nkrumah, Kwame, 278

NKVD (principle Soviet secret police force), 267

Nogai Tatars, 75, 84, 92, 179-80

Nogais, 145

North Cape, 97

North Korea, 278

North Vietnam, 270, 278

Northern Alliance, 314

Northern Dvina, 63

Novgorod, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 38, 41, 47, 55, 62, 65, 69, 72-3, 80, 148; capture of, 124; expansion of, 44; and the oprichnina, 103-4; relative importance of, 52-3; Tatar census of, 49;

untouched by Tatars, 57

Novgorod-Seversk, 118

Novo-Pavlovsk, 171

Novorossiisk, 210

Novosiltsov, N. N., 197-8

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 277

Nystad, Treaty of 156

Ob river, 69, 280

Obruchev, Nikolai, 229-30

Ochakov, 171

Oder river, 262

Odessa, 204-5

Odyssey, 17

Okhotsk, 161, 162

Old Ladoga, 23

Oleg (grandson of Riurik), 29, 30

Oleg (son of Vladimir Monomakh), 43

Olga/Helen (widow of Igor), 27, 31, 32, 34-7

Olgerd of Lithuania, 55, 56

Oliphant, Laurence, 209

Onega, Lake, 156

Opium Wars (1840-2), 209

Ordyn-Nashchokin, Afanasii, 147

Orel, 144

Orenburg, 159—60, 173-6, 244

Orient, 19, 23, 27, 44, 47, 226

Orthodox Church, 319; and conversion/Christianization under Grand Prince Vladimir, 38-40; established in Moscow, 50, 54, 56, 60-1; finances of, 126; increased authority of, 109; independence of, 66, 109; and judaizer ‘heresy’, 82; missionary campaigns, 187; monastic foundations, 59—61; no official existence in Lithuania, 113; opposition to the oprichnina, 103; persecution of, 178; in Poland, 183; and prospect of Latinization, 123—4; as refuge for peasants, 60; relationship with Ivan the Terrible, 99-101; relationship with the Papacy, 62, 64; relationship with princes, 62, 66; role/wealth of, 49; in Serbia, 204; support for, 114; in Ukraine, 143

Ossetia, Ossetians, 94, 191, 317, 325

Ostermann, Andrei, 169-70

Ostiaks (Khanty), 69, 96, 273

Ostroumov, N., 216

Ostrozhsky, Prince Konstantin, 113-14

Otrepev, Grigorii, 118

Ottoman Empire, 95, 99, 108, 143, 170, 179, 204, 206, 210, 221, 320

Ottoman Turkey, Ottoman Turks, 64, 70, 94, 168, 187-8, 189, 205, 221

Pacific, 1, 4, 97, 151, 160, 162, 168, 208

Pakistan, 269, 278, 326

Pale of Settlement, 181

Paleologue family/dynasty, 70-1

Pallas, Peter, 200, 201

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 206

Pamir mountains, 222

pan-Slavism, 219-20, 222

Panin, Count Nikita, 179

Panjshir mountains, 279

Papacy see Catholic Church/Papacy

Paskevich, General Ivan, 204

Passchendaele, 235

Patrikeev, Prince I. Iu., 66

Paul, Emperor, 177, 188

Paul II, Pope, 71

Paul V, Pope, 123

Paulus, General Friedrich von, 258

Pavlov, General D., 253, 256

Pearl Harbor, 257

Pechenegs, 29, 38, 46

Pelym, 110

Penza, 198

Pereiaslav, 44, 46, 140

Pereiaslavets, 37

Pereiaslav-Zalesskii, 51

Perekop, 171, 178

Perm, 124

Pernau, 156

Perovskaia, Sofia, 228

Persia see Iran

Persia, Shah of, 223

Perun (pagan god of thunder), 38, 39

Petelin, Druzhina Foma, 111

Peter I (Peter the Great), 4, 168-9, 321; accession, 151; Balkan expedition, 157—8; and building of St Petersburg, 150, 157; campaigns of, 151—2; Central Asian ambitions, 158—60; childhood, 151; distrust of Ukrainian Cossack elite, 162—3; expansionist policies, 150—1, 163-6, 168; female successors to, 169; as joint ruler with his brother, 146, 147, 151; mythic status of, 150-1; political liaisons, 156—7; and Siberia, 160—2; war with Sweden 152-6

Peter II, 169

Peter III, 169

Petitions Office, 148

Petr, Metropolitan of Kiev, 50, 54, 56

Philotheus (Filofei) of Pskov, 85

Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 63

Phrygia, 17

Pimen, Metropolitan, 103

Pizarro, Francisco, 89

plague, 141—2, 171

Plettenberg, Walter von, 81

Pleven, 222

Plovdiv, 222

Poland, Poles, 1, 6, 9, 15, 77, 85, 121, 124, 125, 146, 166, 169, 170, 183, 231, 234, 265, 269, 276, 294, 295, 298, 325; as catalyst for Russian recovery, 123-6; ceding of territory to Russia, 147; economic problems in, 285; erased from the map of Europe, 168; German invasion of, 254; hostility towards, 94; insurrection in, 2—18; loss of, 190; nationalism in, 275; partition of, 178-9, 182-4; possible truce with, 85; attempted Russification of, 218-19; Solidarity movement in, 284; transition to freedom, 290; treaty with, 128, 148; and union with Lithuania, 103; uprisings in, 196—7; war with, 122—6, 128, 136, 137, 138-45

Poland-Lithuania, 66, 70, 79, 80, 98, 101, 108

Poliane, 20, 22

Polotsk, 41

Polovtsians, 42

Poltava, 155, 156

Poppel, Nicholas, 77

population, 43-4, 48, 49, 96, 283; additions to, 217; census data, 248, 253; decline in, 312, 315; drift north and east, 48, 52; ethnic/linguistic configurations, 272—4; genetic studies, 6, 8-10; increase in, 61, 105, no, 165, 177, 208, 214, 226-8, 324; migrations, 9-10, 58, 117, 130; mix, 164, 187; mortality rates, 248—50, 304; nomads, 17—18; physiological characteristics, 9; as rural-based, 246; size of, 129, 161

Port Arthur, 230-1

Portugal, 157

Potemkin, Prince Grigorii, 181, 191

Potsdam (1945), 263, 266

Pozharski, Prince Dmitrii, 125

Prague, 220, 262, 291, 292

‘Prague Spring’, 275

Preservation of Civil Rights (1722), 161