Russia

James I and VI of England and Scotland, 124

Japan, Japanese, 226, 230-1, 233, 244, 253, 254, 257, 259, 261, 266, 313, 315

Jaruszelski, General Wojciech, 284

Jefferson, Thomas, 197

Jesuits, 120, 121, 133

Jews, 27, 75, 94, 245; hostility towards, 183; in Lithuania, 219; move to Israel, 273; pogroms against, 139; prominence of in Crimea, 181; released from concentration camps, 264; as traders, 22

Job, first Patriarch of Moscow, 120

John Paul II, Pope, 284

Jonah, Metropolitan and St, 66

Jones, John-Paul, 172

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 179

‘Judaizers’, 82, 83

Jungarians, 174

Junkmann (mercenary colonel of dragoons), 137

Justinian, Emperor, 34, 35, 40

Kabarda, Kabardinians, 92-4, 113, 145, 191, 272

Kabul, 222, 279

kaganate (first Russian state) see Kievan

Rus Kalashnikov, Mikhail, 279

Kaliningrad, (Konigsberg) 261, 317, 324

Kalka river, 46

Kalmyks, 145, 159, 160, 164, 170, 174, 175, 187, 256, 271

Kaluga, 116, 122, 194, 245

Kama river, 96

Kamchadals, 161, 199

Kamchatka, 131, 210

Kankrin, Count E.F., 207-8, 209

Kant, Immanuel, 326

Kapitsa, Petr, 246, 279

Karachais, 256

Karakalpaks, 173, 174

Karasund, 263

Karelia, 108, 244, 253, 273

Karmal, Babrak, 279

Kars, 210, 222

Kashgar, 222

Kashin, Iurii, 101

Kasianov, Mikhail, 316

Kaytaks, 94

Kazakhs, no, 159, 174, 175, 187, 216, 235, 244, 248, 272, 298, 325

Kazakhstan, 176, 244, 245, 272, 273, 294, 310

Kazan, 66, 79, 84, 91-2, 95, 96, 110, 111, 124, 159

Kazan University, 216

Keith, General, 172

Kennan, George, 266-7

Kennedy, John F., 270-1

Kets, 134

Kexholm, 156

KGB, 239-40, 274, 290, 292, 296, 304, 311, 314; see also Cheka; Federal Security Service (FSB); NKVD

Khabarov (Siberian venturer), 226

Khalkhm-Gol, 253

Khanty see Ostiaks

Khattab Ibn-ul-, 309, 313

Khazar empire, Khazars, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27-8, 37 Kherson, 29

Khiva, Khivans, 158, 173, 174, 216, 217 Khmelnytsky, Bogdan, 139, 140, 143, 144 Khmelnytsky, Iurii, 143, 144

Khodorkovskii, Mikhail, 304, 315, 316, 323

Khoja Kokos, 75

Khomiakov, A.S., 220

Khovanskii, Prince Ivan, 146, 147

Khrushchev, Nikita, 261—2, 276, 280; rise and fall of, 268-71

Khvorostinin, Andrei, 112

Khyber Pass, 222

Kiev, 20, 24, 28, 30, 33, 38, 70, 144, 262; ceded to Russia, 147; feuds over throne of, 41-5; Golden Gate erected, 43; inhabitants forcibly Christianised, 38-9; known as Riurik’s town, 24; relative importance of, 51-2; Metropolitan Peter transfers his see to Moscow, 54; Santa Sophia cathedral in, 39, 43; taken by Mongols, 46

Kievan Rus, 22, 168, 319; and apanage system, 41-3; assaults on Constantinople, 28-30, 32; Byzantine influence on, 34—40, 44; civil war in, 45; collapse of, 1, 45-7, 48; demographics, 43—4; development of, 27; economic situation, 44; and introduction of Christianity, 36—40; laws and politics, 39-40; princely disputes, 41—5; trade and commerce, 3 3; as Viking-Russian collaboration, 27-8

Kinburn, 187

Kipchaks, 42, 217

Kirillov (governor of Orenburg), 175

Klein, VI., 111

Kliazma river, 53

Kliuchevskii, Vasilii, 112

Knights of St John, 188

Knights of the Sword (Livonia), 68, 78, 80, 81, 98, 104

Knights of the Teutonic Order (Prussia), 98

Kobyle, 81

Kohl, Helmut, 292

Kokand, 216, 217, 222

Kolchak, Admiral A.V., 244

Kolomenskoe, 100, 101, 137

Kolomna, 63

Komi, 253

Kondratev, N.D., 246

Koni, 245

Koniev, General, 257

Konigsberg see Kaliningrad

Korea, Koreans, 213, 216, 223, 226, 230

Korean Timber Company, 233

Koriaks, 161

Kosovo Albanians, 313

Kostroma, 109, 142

Kostroma river, 48

Krashennikov, Stepan, 161

Krasnovodsk, 222

Kremlin, 1, 83, 94, 100, 123, 126, 137, 249, 254, 275, 282, 285, 286, 292, 298, 307; Cathedral of the Archangel, 55; Cathedral of the Assumption, 4, 50, 87; prestige of, 279

Krenz, Egon, 291

Krivichie (early tribal association), 20, 22

Kromy, 110, 119

Kronstadt, 172, 240

Kuban, 191

Kuchum Khan of Sibir, 97

Kudaduk, Prince, 92

Kulikovo, battle of (1380), 50, 57, 60, 69

Kumukhs, 112

Kumyks, 112

Kurbskii, Prince Andrei, 100, 101

Kurile Islands, 263, 313

Kuritsyn, Fedor, 82, 83

Kuritsyn, Ivan Volk, 83

Kursk, battle of, no, 262

Kushk, 222

Kutuzov, Prince M.I., 193-5

Kuznetsk, 251

Kyrgyz, 173, 174, 176, 325

Kyrgyzstan, 325, 326

Lacy, Marshal, 172

Ladoga, 23, 156

Lake Baikal, 131, 209, 223, 244

Lake Elton, 173

Lake Ilmen, 24

Lake Ladoga, 108, 254

Lake Peipus, 81

Laks, 94

land reform, ownership, 211; and possible distribution to peasants, 236-7; problems concerning, 213; and serfdom, 106, 129-30, 211, 212, 213, 227

language and linguistic policy, 14-15, 36, 164, 200, 218-21, 243

Lapps, 176

Laskaris (Byzantine migrants to Russia), 75

later Roman Empire see Byzantine Empire

Latvia, Latvians, 163, 164, 243, 245, 254, 310

Lazarev, Admiral, 209

legends/fairy tales, 21-2, 27

Lena river, 176

Lenin, V.I., 237, 239, 242

Leningrad, 25, 256-7, 259, 268, 296; see also St Petersburg

Leo X, Pope, 85

Leskov, 198

Leslie, General Alexander, 136, 141

Letts, 98

Levant, 166, 205

Levant Company, 174

Lewenhaupt, General A.L., 154

Lezghins, 94

Ligachev, Yegor, 288

Lithuania, Lithuanians 1, 49, 52, 55, 56, 70, 84, 96, 103, 122, 125, 142, 148, 219, 243, 254, 286, 294, 298, 325; attacks on Moscow, 62-3, 66

Little Ice Age: consequences of, 115—17;