Russia

climate: effect on social life, 116—17; and the environment, 6-7, 115-17; and global warming, 6, 19, 319; Ice Age, 5, 6, 16; influence on settlements, societies 15-17, 18; Little Ice Age, 115-17; and Russian temperament, 16-17

Clinton, Bill, 312

code of law (Russkaia pravda), 40

coinage, 22, 40, 73, 79, 106, 143-4

Cold War, 261, 266, 286

Collective Rapid Deployment Force, 326

College of Justice see Government Departments

colonizers, colonization, 2, 48, 214; of Crimea, 180-2; forest, 19-20; in great Perm region, 96-7; in Siberia, 176-7; see also explorers, exploration

COMECON, 276-7, 280, 294

Communism, Communists, 244, 261, 264, 273, 281, 288, 292, 309-10, 313

Communist Party, 243, 244, 267, 268, 270, 276, 279, 283, 286, 299

Congress of Berlin (1878), 222

Conrad of Mazovia, 77

Constantine, Grand Duke, 196, 218

Constantine I, Emperor, 34

Constantine (son of Catherine the Great), 179

Constantine (son of Vsevolod III), 45

Constantine VII, Emperor, 28, 33, 36

Constantinople, 25, 50, 73, 80, 222, 262;

Cathedral of St Sophia, 35, 51, 57;

changing fortunes of, 51; fall of, 68;

Constantinople (continued)

Mamas quarter, 30; Monastery of St George, 57-8; pilgrimages to 57-8; rise of, 27; sack of, 64; trade with, 30; Viking raid on, 28-9; see also Byzantine Empire; Byzantium; Istanbul

constitution: changes in, 305-6; as federal multinational socialist, 244-6; and idea of federalism, 198; and promise of democracy, 231—2; reform of, 197-9, 289

Convention of Berlin (1833), 208

Cossacks, 94-5, 97, 113, 118, 155, 170, 180, 209, 227, 259; discontentment amongst, 138-9; divisions and differences, 143-4; increased population of, 227; as intrepid explorers, 131-2; invasion of Poland, 140; loss of support for Tsar, 236; massacre by Kamchadales, 161; origins of, 78; and pride in loyal service, 185; protest against Polish influence/rule, 114; relationship with Russia, 93; and storming of Azov, 136; swear allegiance to the Tsar, 140-1; and war against Poland, 141

Council of Ferrara/Florence, 64, 66, 68, 71,85

Courland, Duke of, 156

Crimea, 18, 75, 79, 219, 244, 296;

annexation of, 178; campaigns in, 38, 147, 148, 151, 168, 171, 172; colonization programme for, 180-2; lines of communication to, 172; as Tatar khanate, 66; transfer to Russia, 180

Crimean Tatars, 99, 104, 143, 145, 187, 256, 271, 273

Crimean War (1853-6), 1, 207, 209-10, 222

Croatia, Croats, 9, 255, 294

Cuba, 261, 270, 271, 321

Cuban missile crisis (1961), 271

Cumans, 42

Cyprus, 315

Czartoryski family, 183

Czech Republic, 15

Czechoslovakia, 266, 267, 269, 275—6, 277, 283, 290, 292, 294

Czechs, 9, 220, 265

Czestochowa monastery, 142

Dacia, 179 Dadi-Yurt, 202

Dagestan, Dagestanis, 93, 136, 203, 207, 313

Daniels, Alexander, 137

Danilovich, Grand Prince Iurii, 65 Danube river, 37, 168, 204, 210, 221, 262

Dardanelles, 263

Darghins, 94

Darius, King, 17

Dauria, 226

Davoust, Louis Nicholas, 193

Decembrist rising (1825), 196

Declaration of the Rights of Oppressed Nationalities (1918), 242

Defoe, Daniel, 150

Delhi, 269

democracy: clash with market economy, 305-6

demography see population

Denmark, 70, 98, 146, 148, 152-3, 169 Department of Foreign Affairs, 141, 179 Derbent, 93, 112, 160, 188

Derevlians (old settlers; tribal

confederation), 20, 31, 38 Desna river, 69 Dezhnev, Semeon (Cossack venturer), 131-2

Diamond Johnson (Almaz Ivanov), 147, 148

Diet at Helsingfors (Helsinki) (1863), 219

Dir the Viking, 24, 28, 29

Dmitrii of the Don, Grand Prince, 50, 54, 56-7, 60, 62, 69

Dmitrii (grandson of Ivan the Great), 83

Dmitrii the Pretender (no. 1), 117—21 Dmitrii the Pretender (no. 2), 121—3

Dmitrii Shemiaka, 64-5

Dmitrii (son of Ivan the Terrible), 109, 111-12, 114, 115, 121

Dmitrov, 44

Dnieper river, 15, 19, 28, 31, 43, 44, 171, 178, 184, 258, 262

Dnieprostroi, 251

Doctors’ Plot (1952), 268

Dolgorukii, Prince Iurii, 44, 45

Dolmatov, Vasilii, 84

domestic policy, administration, m; attitude towards immigrants, 180—2; and building of forts, 130-1, 132; central administration, 184; concern for welfare of subdued nations, 176-7; establishment of internal calm, 108-9; regional administration, 184-7; retrenchment of, 128; and state security, 109; and tax collection/exemption, 109, 130— 1; treatment of subjected peoples, 182-7

Don river, 19, 22, 95, 151, 258, 259

Donets river, no, 181

Doroshenko, Hetman, 144 du Croy, 153

Dubrovnik, 221

Duchy of Courland, 98

Dudaev, Djokar, 307, 309

duma (cabinet), 147, 148

Duma, 231, 232, 236

Dunning, Chester, 118, 120-1

Durnovo, Petr, 233—5

Dushanbe, 279

Dzerzhinskii, Felix, 239

Dzungara, 176

Dzurov, Dobri, 292

East Berlin, 291

East China Railway, 231

East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 268, 269, 288, 289, 290-1, 292, 311

East India Company, 174, 209

East Indies, 215

Eastern Europe, 265—7, 274-7

Eastern Question, 94, 157, 180