Russia

Adyge, 94; see alsoCircassia

Afanasii, Metropolitan of Moscow, 103

Afghanistan: British interests in, 263; invasion of, 283; and Northern Alliance, 314; railway line to, 222; Russian interest in, 278-9, 317, 325, 326; as Soviet client, 261; support for Chechen rebels, 307; troop withdrawal from, 286

Afghans, 159

Africa, 215, 231, 269, 278

Akademgorodok, 280

Akhalkaaki, 204

Akht-mechet (Simferopol), 179

Alaska, 225, 226

Albania, 270, 277

Albasin fort, 132

Aleksandr, Grand Prince of Suzdal, 54

Aleksei II, Patriarch of Moscow, 297

Aleksei, St, Metropolitan of Moscow, 56-7, 59

Aleutians, 162

Alexander the Great, 17

Alexander I, 254

Alexander II, 212, 218

Alexander III, Emperor, 190, 191, 192,

194, 196

Alexander, King of Kakheti, 113

Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania (later King of Poland), 80, 81

Alexander Nevskii, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 45, 46, 49

Alexandrova, suburb of Kolomenskoe, 100, 101, 103

Alexis, Tsar, 135, 137, 152; campaign gns of, 141—5; death of, 146; and review of laws, 139—40; and taxation riots, 139;

treaty with the Cossacks, 140-1

Allende, Salvador, 278

Alma river, 210

Almaz Ivanov, 147, 148

American Civil War, (1861-5), 223

Ames, Aldrich, 284

Amin, Hafizullah, 279

Amu-Darya river, 217

Amur river, 225, 244, 245

Anadyr river, 132

Anapa, 205

Andaman Islands, 278

Andijan, 222

Andrei (brother of Ivan the Great), 79

Andrei (uncle of Vasilii II), 63

Andreyev, Mikhail, 159

Andropov, Yuri, 284-5, 314

Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667), 146

Angara river, 280

Angelos, 75

Angola, 278

Anna, Empress, 169, 171, 239

Anna (sister of Byzantine Emperor

Basil 11), 38

apanage system, 33, 41-2, 61-2, 65., 66-7, 69, 70, 79-80

Arabs, 27

Aral Sea, 173

Ararat, Mount, 199

Aras river, 204

Archangel, 97, 166, 235

Ardebil Library, 204

Argunsk fort, 132

Armenia, 112, 191, 219, 244, 325

Armenians, 181, 199, 286

army, 70, 151; and arms manufacture, 138; arsenals of, 171; in Chechnya, 308; cost of, 78-9, 188—9, 207; desertions from, 236-7; development of, 78; disasters/victories, 171, 255-60, 262; and dogs of war, 81; equipment, 91; increased capability of, 208; and lack of up-to-date technology/expertise, 136; losses in, 171; military ability, 326; military build-up, 225-6; and the musketeers, 90, 152; and need for efficient transportation, 223; and practice of pomestie, 73; professionalization of, 230; purging in, 252; rebellion in, 146-7; rewards given to, 168, 171; size of, 170-1; specialist troops in, 171; structure/operations of staff, 229-30; and terror tactics, 80, 81; training/modernizing of 136-8, 146; use of new technology, 87; as visible army of Christ, 91; see also Red Army; White Army

Ashkhabad, 222

Asia, 1, 159, 213, 222-3, 225, 231; see also

Central Asia; China; Far East; India

Asia Minor, 17, 27; see also Turkey

Askold the Viking, 24, 28, 29

Assembly of the Land (Zemskii sofor), 139-40

Astrakhan, 66, 92, 95, 96, no, in, 136, 137, 158

Astrakhan Cossacks, 203

Augustus, Emperor, 4

Austria, 76, 166, 170, 189, 208, 210, 218;

Austrian Empire, 220, 221, 222, 231, 238

Auteroche, Chappe d’, 177—8

Avars, 113

Aven, Petr (post-Soviet entrepreneur), 304

Azerbaydzhan, Azerbaydzhanis, 191, 244, 248, 263, 286, 310

Azeris, 286

Azov, 136, 145, 151-2, 157, 166, 170

Baddeley, J., 200

Baedeker, Karl, 16

Baghdad, 22, 30, 204

Baghdad Pact, 270

Bakh, Aleksei, 279

Bakhchiserai, 171

Bakshei (Tatar translator), 75

Baku, 188, 222, 223

Balkans, 277; effect of Great Depression on, 265; Habsburg war in, 166; mission to, 192-3; possible problems in, 189; Russian presence in, 1, 213, 221—3, 263, 320, 321, 324; Stone Age inhabitants of, 6; sympathetic to Russia, 157-8

Balkars, 256

Baltic, 1, 4, 15, 153, 274; acquisition of ports in, 157; administration of, 185-6; and the Crimean War, 210; German withdrawal from, 243; imperial rule in, 197; problems with, 154; Russian presence in, 80, 87, 152, 166, 168, 169, 198, 261; and the Second World War, 235; as testing ground for innovative policies, 271; Vikings in, 23

Baltic fleet, 209, 231

Baltic Germans, 164

Baits, 9, 25, 183

Bank for Economic Co-operation, 277

Bartholomew see Sergius the hermit

Basaev, Shamil (Chechen leader), 308,

313 Bashkiria, 96, no, 175-6

Bashkirs, 96, 159, 164, 174, 175-6, 216

Bashmakov, Dementy (head of Tsar’s private office), 148

Basil II, Emperor, 38

Basmanov, General Peter, 118, 119

Bathory, Stefan (King of Poland), 104

Batum, 222, 223

Baty Khan, 46, 97

Bay of Bengal, 278

Bay of Chesme, 172

Bay of Korea, 226

Beijing, 133, 270

Bekovich-Cherkasskii, Aleksandr, 158, 173

Belarus, 20, 154, 243, 297, 324, 325

Belgium, 224

Belgorod, no

Belgrade, 170, 204

Bell, James Stanislaus, 206

Belorussians, 10, 52, 164, 178

Belski, Boyar Prince Ivan, 89

Benes, President Eduard, 265

Berezina, 69

Berezovskii, Boris, 304, 309, 310, 314, 315, 3i6

Bering Strait, 131

Bering, Vitus, 162

Berlin: erection of Wall, 271; removal of Wall, 291

Beslan atrocity (2004), 317

Bessarabia, 190, 192, 196, 198, 219, 254

Bessarion, Cardinal, 71

Bezobrazov, Captain A.M., 233

Bielopolski, Marquis, 218

Birobijan, 245, 273

Biron (Bühren), G., 169

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 222