Russia

economy: aggressive taxation policy, 308; agrarian, 10—n, 13-14, 16-17; agricultural production, 272; black economy, 274; and capitalism, 228—9; and civil wars, 123; and clash with democracy, 305—6; collapse of, 297; collectivization programme, 248-50; consumer promises, 285—6; crisis in, 246-8; drainage systems, 229; Eastern European, 274-7; effect of climate on, 15-17, 123; expansion of, 225-6; financial mismanagement and crisis, 302-4, 310-12; Five Year Plan (1928), 251-2, 272; food shortages, 240-1; Gorbachev reforms, 285-6, 288; improvements in, 315, 322-3; industrial decline, 301-2, 308; industrial expansion, 250-1; and industrial revolution, 227—8; inefficiencies of, 299; inflationary, 289; market reforms, 303-4, 305, 306; New Economic Policy, 247-8; and the peasant problem, 231-2; and railways, 213-14; rebuilding of, 241-2; recovery of, 108, 129-30; reduction in inflation, 308; and rise of the oligarchs, 303—4, 306, 315-16; Seven Year Plan (1959), 270; shortages, 275; training and technology, 229; see also trade/commerce

Egerat, Colonel Henryk van, 137

Egypt, 17, 188, 261, 269, 278; Aswan Dam, 270, 280

Eisenstein, Sergei, 90

Elbe river, 262

Elena Glinskaia, 85, 89

Elias, St, 38-9

Elizabeth, Empress, 169, 170, 184

Elphinston, Admiral (in Russia’s services), 172

Elton, Captain John, 172-4

empire building, 25; belligerency of, 208-9; as civilizing mission, 215-17; creation of Soviet regime, 238—60; descent into anarchy 108-27; eighteenth-century glories, 168-89; expansionary tactics, 168—89; first successes and collapse, 27—47; foundations of empire, 68-86; growth and recovery, 129—49; impact of revolutionary France on, 190, 193-8; imperial expansion, 87-107; inertia in, 231; lack of capital, 214; limitation put on, 225; loss of empires, 190; nineteenth-century wars and defeats, 199-211; public consciousness of, 215; push to the West, 150-67; reasons for disintegration of Soviet empire, 282-300; rebellions and crises, 217-32; recovery and consolidation, 48—67; reforms and modernization, 213—15; rise and fall of Soviet imperialism, 261-81; seeds of destruction, 210—11, 232—7; transition and recovery, 301—18; see also Kievan Rus; Muscovy; Romanov Empire; Soviet Union

England, 156, 215, 221, 234; see also Britain

Enlightenment, 164, 182, 280

environment, 4, 5; effect of climate on, 6-7; geographic barriers, 9-10

Erekle, King of Kartlo-Kakheti, 180

Erik XIV, King of Sweden, 103

Erzurum, 204

Eskimos, 134

Estland, 163, 197

Estonia, Estonians, 154, 156, 163, 164, 219, 243, 245, 254, 310

Ethiopia, 278

Eurasia, 4

European Union (EU), 276, 277, 286, 313

Evenki, 280

explorers, exploration, 131-2, 162, 172-4, 188; see also Alaska; Bering, Vitus; colonizers, colonization; Dezhnev, Semeon; Elton, John; Siberia; Stroganov, Grigorii

falconry, 75

Far East, 216, 217, 230, 245, 253, 261, 264

Far Eastern Republic, 244

Federal Security Service (FSB), 314

Fedor (son of Boris Godunov), 115, 119, 120

Fedor (son of Tsar Alexis), 146

Fedor, Tsar, 109, in, 114

Felony Department (Razboinii prikaz) see Government Departments

Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow, 103

Finch, Edward (British envoy), 169

Finland, 156, 171, 196, 253, 254; annexation of, 190, 192; imperial rule in, 197; as independent state, 243; nationalism in, 219

Finno-Ugrians, 23, 319

Finns, 9, 25, 48, 164, 176, 231

Fiolipt, Patriarch of Constantinople, 85

Fioravanti, Aristotele, 74

First World War (1914-18), 233-6, 238, 320

Fletcher, Giles, 111

Florence, 67

Floria, B., 100

Foreign Office, 109, 147, 148, 169, 175; see also Government Departments

foreign relations, 79, 108, 216, 263; Ambassadorial Office, 77-8; and the Baltic provinces, 185-7; and Byzantine Empire, 33, 34-6, 38, 70-1; and Central Europe, 156-7; and colonial administration, 216-17; as defensive, 128; development of, 70, 74-6; diplomatic skills, 145; and England, 117, 146, 156; and establishment of record-filing system, 75—6; and the European Union, 286—7; and Finland and Bessarabia, 190-3; and the Habsburgs 166, 170; and the Holy Roman Emperor, 77; improved and expanded, 110—11; improvements in, 317; intelligence system, 76-8, no, 145-6, 279; and Kazakhs, 175-6; and the Ottoman Empire, 94, 108; and the papacy/Rome, 85; with Persia, India and China, 159-60; and Poland, 182-4, 196-7; protocols, 76, 105; rapprochement, 286-7; reassessment of, 169-70; relationship with NATO, 313, 314, 317; success of, 147; systematization of, 87; and the Tatars, 50, 79; and the Ukraine, 162-3, 184-5; and use of outsiders on diplomatic missions, 148; and Western Europe, 74-6, 84, 129, 146; Westernising policies of, 149; wide range of expertise amongst functionaries, 148—9; see also named countries; Russification policy; Soviety Union

Four Power Treaty, 292

Fradkov, Mikhail, 317

France, 6, 16, 165-7, 168, 170, 188, 215, 218, 231, 253, 261, 263, 264, 320; aftermath of Waterloo, 195-6; concerns of, 189; Napoleonic, 1, 192-3, 198; navy of, 171

Francis I, 4, 91

Frederick the Great, 178

Frederick III, Emperor, 75, 77