Russia

see also climate

Litvinov, Maxim, 263

Liubavskii, Matvei, 52—3, 61, 67

Liubomirski, Prince J., 146

Livland, 163, 197

Livonia, 68, 79, 152, 156, 187; war in, 97-9, 104, 106, 108

Longworth, J.A., 206

Louis XI, 89

Louis XIV, 102, 167

Lushun (Port Arthur), 226, 231

Lutherans, 163

Lvov (Lviv), 140

Lysenko, Trofim, 279

Macedonia, 222

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 67, 90

Madagascar, 157

Magnitogorsk, 25 1

Magnus of Denmark, King, 104

Magnus the Good, 40

Maiko, Andrei Fedorovich, 75

Majlis, 223

Makarii, Metropolitan, 100

Malmovskii, General, 257

Mallory, J., 14

Malta, 188, 190

Malthus, Thomas, 227

Manchu government, 132

Manchuria, 226, 230

Mangazeia, 130—1

Mansi see Voguls, 273

Manstem, Field Marshal von, 257, 258, 262

Mansur Usherma, Sheikh, 180

Mao Zedong, 267, 270

Maria Theresa of Austria, 178

Maria of Tver, 70

Marina (wife of Dmitrii the Pretender no. 1), 121, 122, 126

Maris see Cheremis

Maritime Province, 225, 226

Marselis brothers, 146

Marselius of Hamburg, 90

Marshall Aid programme, 266-7

Marx, Karl (Marxism), 228-9, 239, 261, 271, 278

Mary I, Queen of England, 89

Maskhadov, Asian, 309

Masurian Marshes, 154

Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 77

Matveyev, Boyar Artamon, 146, 147

Maximilian, Archduke, 77

Maximilian, Emperor, 76, 84-5

Maximilian II, 94, 104

Mazepa, Ivan, 155, 156, 157, 162-3

Mazurian, 9

Mecklenberg-Schwerin, Duke of, 156

Medici, Lorenzo de, 67, 89

Mediterranean, 1, 22, 23, 157, 166, 168, 172, 188, 269

Medvedev, Roy, 305

Mekhlis, Lev, 256-7, 257

Mengli-Girei (Crimean Khan), 79

Merv, 222

Meshed, 174

Metternich, Prince Clemens, 196

Michael, Tsar, 133, 134, 135-7

Midas, King of Phrygia, 17

Middle East, 17, 208, 270, 278

Middle Kazakh Horde, 175

Mikhail, Grand Duke, 233, 236

Mikhail, Grand Prince of Tver, 73, 74

Milan, 76

Milev, L., 17

Minin, Kuzma, 125

Ministry of Finance see Government Departments

Ministry for War see Government Departments

Minsk, 297

Mirza Din-Ahmed, 93

missionaries, 22, 36, 39-40, 80

Mitaev, AH, 243

Mithridates, King of Pontus, 17

Mniszech, Jerzy, 118, 119

Mogilev, 154

Moldavia, 157, 192, 276

Moldova, 317

Molotov, Viacheslav, 246, 263

monastic movement: and attraction of political centres, 61; boom in, 50; as colonization movement, 60—1; and land ownership, 61; origins, 59-60; popularity of wilderness monasteries, 60

Mongolia, 270, 321

Mongols, 45-7, 70, 134, 176, 179, 319; see

also Tatars

Montenegro, 221

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,

Baron de la Brède et de, 322

Mordv, 48, 187

Moscow, Grand Principality of Muscovy, 44, 171, 241, 269, 297, 325; ascendancy

of, 319; attacks on, 62-5, 66, 104, 121, 122; bubonic plague in, 141—2; occupied by Napoleon, 193-5; as capital of Soviet Union, 244; copper riot in, 143; expansionist policy, 112; loyalty of provincial nationality elites to, 245; origins, 48; power of, 67, 68; and princely strife, 49; railway connections, 213—14; reasons for growth, 52-3; Red Square, 119-20; Russia’s relationship with the Cossacks, 95; relative importance of, 51, 52-3; sacked by Tatars, 60; as seat of Russian Orthodox Church, 50, 54, 56, 60-1; taxation riots in, 139; territorial expansion, 69-74, 80; as ‘Third Rome’, 1, 85; threatened by Nazis,

255, 256; see also Vladimir-Moscow

Moscow Province, 187

Mozambique, 278

Mozhaisk, 65

Muhammed-Amin, 79

Munich Agreement (1938), 253

Miinnich, Marshal, 172

Muravev-Amurskii, Count N.N., 217

Murid creed, 203

Murmansk, 238, 254

Muscovy, Grand Principality of Moscow, 53, 319—20; apanage system in, 61-2, 80; central/local government, 91; crisis in, 99-106; development of, 65-7; domestic policies, 109; economic disasters, 115-17; and emergence of imperialism, 87—107; and extension/strengthening of government authority, 70—4; foreign relations of, 74-8; foundation of, 55; implication of conquest, 95—7; innovations and changes, 87—8; legacy of, 126—7; and military development, 78—9; Moscow as new power base, 50; piety in, 57—61; political fractiousness in, 67; political upheavals in, 117-26; princely rise in, 53-5; regional policies, 110—11; religious problems and concerns, 62, 64, 82-3, 89-90, 108-9, 113-14; struggles against restive neighbours, 62-5; Tatar power in, 48—51; teritorial/imperial expansion, 68-70, 81, 91-4, 97-8, 112-13; see also Moscow; Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of

Musketeer Office (Posolskii prikaz), 109

Muslims see Islam

Mussorgsky, Modest, 112

Muster Office (Razriad), 73, 148

Nadir Shah, 174

Nagoi family, 112, 114, 115, 118

Nagorno-Karabakh, 286

Nakhichevan, 204

Napoleon Bonaparte, 188, 190, 192-5, 198

Narva, 81, 98, 153, 154, 156

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 278

NATO, 269, 276, 277, 294, 307, 308, 313, 314, 315, 317, 321, 324

navy, 151—2, 164, 166, 209; armed rising in, 240; base in Adriatic, 270; base in the Crimea, 180; foreign influence on, 172; neglect of, 171-2; successes, 172

Nazis, 259, 265, 266, 298

Nehru, Pandit, 269

Nelson, Horatio, 209

Nemirov, Ambassador, 170

Nerl river, 44

Neva river, 45, 151, 153, 176

New Russia (Novorossiia), 181, 193, 198

Nganasans, 176

Nicholas I, 196, 204, 211, 225