Столкновение цивилизаций

6. James Piscatori, «Religion and Realpolitik: Islamic Responses to the Gulf War», James Piscatori, ed., Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991), p. 1, 6–7. См. также Fatima Mernissi, Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley), p. 16–17.

7. Rami G. Khouri, «Collage of Comment: The Gulf War and the Mideast Peace; The Appeal of Saddam Hussein», New Perspectives Quarterly, 8 (Spring 1991), 56.

8. Ann Mosely Lesch, «Contrasting Reactions to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and the Palestinians», Middle East Journal, 45 (Winter 1991), p. 43; Time, 3 December 1990, p. 70; Kanan Makiya, Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising and the Arab World (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 242ff.

9. Eric Evans, «Arab Nationalism and the Persian Gulf War», Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review, 1 (February 1994), p. 28; Sari Nusselbeh, цит. по Time, 15 October 1990, p. 54–55.

10. Karin Haggag, «One Year After the Storm», Civil Society (Cairo), 5 (May 1992), 12.

11. Boston Globe, 19 February 1991, p. 7; Safar al-Hawali, цит. Mamoun Fandy, New York Times, 24 November 1990, p. 21; King Hussein, цит. David S. Landes, «Islam Dunk: the Wars of Muslim Resentment», New Republic, 8 April 1991, p. 15–16; Fatima Mernissi, Islam and Democracy, p. 102.

12. Safar Al-Hawali, «Infidels, Without, and Within», New Perspectives Quarterly, 8 (Spring 1991), 51.

13. New York Times, 1 February 1991, p. A7; Economist, 2 February 1991, p. 32.

14. Washington Post, 29 January 1991, p. A10; 24 February 1991, p. B1; New York Times, 20 October 1990, p. 4.

15. Цит. по Saturday Star (Johannesburg), 19 January 1991, p. 3; Economist, 26 January 1991, p. 31–33.

16. Sohail H. Hasmi, review of Mohammed Haikal, «Illusions of Triumph», Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review, 1 (February 1994), 107; F. Mernissi, Islam and Democracy, p. 102.

17. Shibley Telhami, «Arab Public Opinion and the Gulf War», Political Science Quarterly, 108 (Fall 1993), 451.

18. International Herald Tribune, 28 June 1993, p. 10.

19. Roy Licklider, «The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–93», American Political Science Review, 89 (September 1995), 685, который определяет национально-религиозные войны как «войны идентичностей», и Samuel P. Huntington, «Civil Violence and the Process of Development», в Civil Violence and the International System (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper No. 83, December 1971), 12–14, который в качестве пяти главных характеристик национально-религиозных войн приводит высокую степень поляризации, идеологической двойственности, партикуляризм, значительный уровень насилия и продолжительный характер.

20. Эти оценки взяты из сообщений прессы и следующей работы: Ted Robert Gurr and Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), p. 160–165.

21. Richard H. Shultz, Jr. and William J. Olson, Ethnic and Religious Conflict: Emerging Threat to U. S. Security (Washington, D. C.: National Strategy Information Center), p. 17ff; H. D. S. Greenway, Boston Globe, 3 December 1992, p. 19.

22. Roy Licklider, «Settlements in Civil Wars», p. 685; T. R. Gurr and B. Harff, Ethnic Conflict, p. 11; Trent N. Thomas, «Global Assessment of Current and Future Trends in Ethnic and Religious Conflict», в Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. and Richard H. Shultz, Jr., eds., Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for U. S. Policy and Army Roles and Missions (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1994), p. 36.