Summerfolk

32. See G. Kaganov, Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts (Stanford, 1997), 103.

33. A. Nikitenko, The Diary of a Russian Censor, ed. and trans. H. Jacobson (Amherst, 1975), 117. Another account can be found in “Vospominaniia D.A. Skalona,” Russkaia starina 131, no. 9 (1907): 526 (the author [b. 1840] recalls being evacuated to the safe haven of Oranienbaum by a relative who also happened to be a doctor). A more quantitative account of this and the several other pandemics in nineteenth-century Russia is K. D. Patterson, “Cholera Diffusion in Russia, 1823–1923,” Social Science and Medicine 38 (1994): 1171–91.

34. P. P. Sokolov, “Vospominaniia akademika P. P. Sokolova,” Istoricheskii vestnik 122 (1910): 902.

35. See, e.g., Dachniki, ili Kak dolzhno provodit’leto na dache (St. Petersburg, 1849).

36. V. Mezhevich, “Zhurnal’naia vsiakaia vsiachina,” Severnaia pchela, 24 June 1844, 565.

37. Furmann’s Entsiklopediia contains a “Swiss” design. A fashion for Swiss chalets, cottages, and farmhouses was noticeable in Pavlovsk in mid-century: see F. M. Dostoevskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh, 30 vols. (Leningrad,1972–90), 9:446 (notes to The Idiot).

38. V. R. Zotov, “Peterburg v sorokovykh godakh,” Istoricheskii vestnik 39 (1890): 330.

39. I. Goncharov, Oblomov, in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh (Moscow, 1952–55), 4:195; English version (amended) from Oblomov, trans. D. Magarshack (London, 1954), 188.

40. Many contemporary Russian sources cite gulian’ia as evidence that the Russian social order was. despite its autocratic political carapace. “democratic” in a way that could never be emulated by parliamentary nations: on festive occasions. it was claimed. people of all social classes came together. mixed freely. and forgot all distinctions and hierarchies. Foreign accounts suggest. however. that gulian’ia were conducted with no such carnivalesque abandon: commoners and nobles may have spent time in close proximity. but members of each group still knew their place. See, for example. the description of the Peterhof St. Peter’s Day festivities in “Iz zapisok Ippolita Ozhe, 1814–1817.” Russkii arkhiv. no. 1 (1877). 67–69. and the later. better known. and more hostile account of the Marquis de Custine in his Letters from Russia. trans. R. Buss (London. 1991). 101.

41. These points are made explicitly in surveys of the Petersburg social scene such as those to be found in the “Miscellany” section of Severnaia pchela: see. e.g., 12 June 1843. 513–14. and 24 June 1844. 565–66.

42. On the decision to establish a public mineral source (for charitable, not commercial, purposes), see PSZ, ser. 2, 8, no. 6655 (19 June 1833).

43. L. Brant, “Gorodskoi vestnik,” Severnaia pchela, 20 May 1850, 445–47.

44. See, e.g., Severnaia pchela, 18 Aug. 1842, 725.

45. This is the argument made in I. A. Steklova, “Fenomen uveselitel’nykh sadov v formirovanii kul’turnoi sredy Peterburga-Petrograda” (dissertation, Leningrad, 1991), 47–55.

46. G. G. Priamurskii, “V Poliustrovo na vody i razvlecheniia . . . ” (St. Petersburg, 1996), 56, 65.

47. See, e.g., the report on the Kushelev-Bezborodko gardens in Severnaia pchela, 5 July 1847, 597.

48. Sokolov, “Vospominaniia,” Istoricheskii vestnik 122 (1910): 902–8.

49. “Letnie uveseleniia,” Sevemaia pchela, 24 June 1847. 561.