The Augustan Empire 43 BC

Antony had concentrated almost, but not quite, all of his legions for the Actium campaign. The exception was a force of four legions under L. Pinarius Scarpus in Cyrene, left probably to protect Egypt from political disorder, for like most of the Ptolemies Cleopatra had many internal enemies. Anyway, they were now Antony's only hope, and the remains of his fleet crossed not to Alexandria but to Paraetonium, the nearest port to Pinarius' force. But, all too predictably, the hope proved ill founded: Pinarius swiftly declared for Octavian; and the dispirited Antony returned to Alexandria. Cleopatra had already been there for

³¹² Or so Plut. Ant. 66. j-6 suggests: that is not necessarily reliable (cf. Pelling 1988 (в 158) on Ant. 6 j-6), but the low casualty figures do suggest that there was no fierce fighting.

^3,3 Hot. Epod. ix. 19-10, 'hostiliumque navium portu latentIpuppes sinistrorsum citae', a striking epigram. These were probably the remains of Antony's right, whose northern movement would have left them uncomfortably far from the harbour mouth. Cf. Pelling 1986 (c 186).

³¹⁴ Augustan poets made the most of this. It was the best they could do. Cf. Hor. Carm. i.J7-1}, 'vix una sospes navis ab ignibus ...'; and Virg. Aen. viii.694— 5; then Dio l.34, whose battle- description is as usual wholly unreliable. ³¹⁵ Dio li.1.4; cf. Plut. Ant. 67.8.

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³¹⁶ Plut. Ant. 68.2-5, with Pelling 1988 (в 138) ad lot.-, Keppie 1983 (e 65) 79-80.

ALEXANDRIA, 30 B.C.

some time, acting decisively. Many of the suspected nobles were murdered, and Artavasdes too was hauled from his captivity and executed. She also plundered extensively to gather money for the armies: hopelessly enough, for by now no money was likely to retain their loyalty.

Depressing news continued to arrive throughout the winter. The intelligent princes Antony had encouraged in Asia Minor were alert enough to know they should change sides. Amyntas had already gone at Actium, and Herod of Judaea shortly followed his example.³¹⁷ So did lesser men, for instance the sons of Tarcondimotus of Cilicia;³¹⁸ we do not hear when Archelaus and Polemo declared for Octavian, but that too was probably soon during the winter.³¹⁹ Octavian himself had spent some time in Samos and Ephesus after the end of the Actium campaign, and was beset by embassies, for instance from Rhosus and probably Mylasa;³²⁰ for the cities too recognized who was their master now. By the end of 31 Octavian had effectively taken over Asia Minor, with his own man Q. Didius as governor of Syria. The loyalty Antony had always inspired still paid some slight dividends, for some gladiators were so determined to join him that they fought their way from Cyzicus through Galatia and Cilicia to Syria.³²¹ But that was the only good news, and that was not much.

At the end of the year Octavian returned briefly to Italy, where there was a little trouble. Doubtless the financial discontent had not disap­peared, though there were now some remissions; but a more immediate problem was presented by a large body of veterans, both his own and those who had come over to him after the battle. They had been sent back to Brundisium, and, just as their comrades had after Naulochus,³²² they were insisting on their dispensability: for everyone knew that the war was virtually concluded. They wanted immediate demobilization, and that meant land. The obvious way to find it was to expropriate Antony's Italian partisans, yet it seems that there were precious few of those.³²³ Agrippa had been sent back to Italy soon after Actium, apparently because problems were already looming. Maecenas was already there.³²⁴ Octavian himself could afford only a month in Italy, and

³¹¹ Herod secured formal pardon from Octavian in Rhodes in spring, 30; but he had already given help to Q. Didius in resisting the Antonian gladiators. ^31S Dio L.7.4; cf. above, pp. 29, 56.

³" Soon after Actium Archelaus was explicitly excused from any reprisals, along with Amyntas (Dio li.2.1). That suggests that he had gone over at once. Polemo, away on the eastern frontier, would take longer to hear of Actium, but nothing suggests that he delayed for long.

RDGE 58.III (= EJ² 301) and perhaps 60 ( = EJ² 303); cf. Millar 1973 (c 175) 58. Perhaps Samos too: Reynolds 1982 (в 270) doc. 13, with Badian 1984 (в 208) 168-9.

There they reluctantly made terms with Didius. Most soon met their deaths.

See above, p. 37. ³²³ See above, p. 53.

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³²⁴ It is just possible that Maecenas himself was at Actium, as Eltg. aJ Mate. 45-8 implies: so Wistrand 1958 (в 200) 16-19. If so, he returned very soon afterwards. But Dio Li.3.5 seems clearly to suggest that Maecenas had been left in charge at Rome during the campaign, and that is more likely to be right; so Symei939 (a 93) 292; cf. Woodman 1983 (в 203) on Veil. Pat. 11.88.2.