The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

21 Angel Viñas and Carlos Collado Seidel, ‘Franco’s Request to the Third Reich for Military Assistance’ in Contemporary European History, II, 2 (2002), Cambridge University Press.

22 Howson, Armas para España, p. 35.

23 Balfour and Preston (eds), España y las grandes potencias, p. 100.

24 Viñas, Guerra, dinero, dictadura, p. 170.

25 Spanish industry had been dominated by foreign capital since its retarded start in the mid nineteenth century. The railways and basic services such as electricity, engineering and mining all depended on heavy foreign investment. American ITT owned the Spanish telephone system and Ford and General Motors had little competition in the motor industry. British companies owned the greatest share of Spanish business with nearly 20 per cent of all foreign capital investment. The United Kingdom was also the largest importer of Spanish goods, including over half of her iron ore (Comin, Hernández and Llopis (eds), Historia económica de España, p. 221.

26 J. R. Hubbard, ‘How Franco financed his war’ in Journal of Modern History, Chicago, 1953, p. 404.

27 In conversation with Charles Foltz, correspondent of Associated Press: The Masquerade in Spain, Boston, 1948, pp. 46–8.

28 AP RF 3/74/20, p. 51.

29 Radosh, Habeck and Sevostianov (eds), España traicionada, p. 56.

30 Blanco Escolá, Falacias de la guerra civil, p. 167.

31 RGVA 35082/1/185, p. 148.

CHAPTER 14: Sovereign States

1 Other influential officers present included Generals Orgaz, Kindelán, Dávila, Saliquet and Gil Yuste, as well as Colonels Muntaner and Moreno Calderón.

2 Iribarren, Mola, p. 232.

3 Gil Robles, No fue posible la paz, p. 776, n. 25.

4 Boletín Official del Estado of 30 September 1936. Paul Preston does not believe that Nicolás Franco actually deleted the words ‘del gobierno’ from the document drawn up by the lawyer, Jose´ Yanguas Messía, but thinks that the words were not read out. The qualification ‘for the duration of the war’ does appear to have been deleted by Franco himself. The important point is that the newspapersfaithfully published a verbatim version of the speech, not the text. The best account is in Preston, Franco, pp. 221–53.

5 ‘Caudillo’ was Franco’s new title, a Spanish term for leader roughly approximate to Führer or Duce.

6 The various departments of the Junta Técnica were divided between Burgos, Valladolid and Salamanca, where Franco set up his headquarters with the Secretariat-General and departments for foreign affairs, as well as press and propaganda directed by Millán Astray with the help of Ernesto Giménez Caballero. The poet and president of Acción Española, José María Pemán, took over the Commission of Culture and Education. There, with the assistance of Enrique Súñer, he began a systematic purge of university professors and lecturers.

7 Zugazagoitia, Guerra y vicissitudes, p. 153.

8 Koltsov, Ispanskii Dnevnik, quoted by Bolloten, La revolución española, p. 189.

9 RGVA 33987/3/852, p. 46.

10 Marty’s report to the Executive Committee of the Comintern, 10 October 1936, RGVA 33987/3/832, pp. 70–107, Radosh and Habeck, pp. 40–55.

11 The cabinet consisted of president of the council of ministers and minister of war: Francisco Largo Caballero; foreign affairs, Julio álvarez del Vayo; minister of the interior, Angel Galarza; finance, Juan Negrín; navy and air, Indalecio Prieto; industry and commerce, Anastasio de Gracia (all PSOE); justice, Mariano Ruiz Funes (Izquierda Republicana); agriculture, Vicente Uribe (communist); education, Jesús Hernández (communist); work and health, Josep Tomàs i Piera (Esquerra Republicana); communications and mercantile marine, Bernardo Giner de los Ríos (Unión Republicana); minister without portfolio, José Giral (Izquierda Republicana). A few days later Julio Just (Izquierda Republicana) became minister of works. Prieto wanted to bring the conservative Basque PNV into the central government and to strengthen Madrid’s influence in the north, but Aguirre, the Basque president, refused. The Basques wanted the statute of autonomy, frozen since 1934, passed as soon as possible. Manuel de Irujo joined the government as a minister without portfolio on 17 September, after the Basques had set up their own government (Santiago del Pablo (ed.), El péndulo patriótico, ii, pp. 15–18).

12 RGVA 33987/3/832 pp. 70–107.

13 Brusco, Les milícies antifeixistes i l’exèrcit popular, pp. 101–103.

14 Vilar, La guerra civil española, p. 103

15 RGVA 33987/3/832 p. 70

16 Pablo de Azcárate, Mi embajada en Londres, p. 141.