The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

9 G. Sánchez Recio et al., Guerra civil y franquismo en Alicante, Alicante, 1990, p. 27; Gil Pecharromán, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, p. 455.

10 Voelckers to Foreign Ministry, 17 October, 1936, DGFP pp. 114–15.

11 Ellwood, Prietas las filas, pp. 90–1.

12 For Queipo’s direction of the Andalucian economy see Banco Exterior de España, Política commercial exterior en España(1931–1975), Madrid, 1979, pp. 144ff.

13 For a study of Millán Astray see Geoffrey Jensen, Irrational Triumph. Cultural Despair, Military Nationalism and the Ideological Origins of Franco’s Spain, Reno, 2002, pp. 140ff.

14 Cervantes’s satire on chivalry in Don Quixote was said to have been partially inspired from his wounds received at Lepanto in 1571.

15 No exact record of Unamuno’s speech was published. The Salamanca papers next day reported every other speech, but not his. This version was written down soon afterwards. See Emilio Salcedo, Vida de don Miguel, Salamanca, 1964; and Luis Portillo, ‘Unamuno’s Last Lecture’ in Cyril Connolly, The Golden Horizon, London, 1953.

CHAPTER 11: The Republican Zone

1 Pierre Vilar, La guerra civil española, Barcelona, 1986, p. 104.

2 The Spanish Communist Party in a report to the Comintern on 15 February 1937 claimed 250,00 members, ‘of whom 135,000 are at the front’ (RGASPI 495/120/259, p. 3).

3 Manuel Azaña, ‘La revolución abortada’ in Obras completas, México, 1967, vol. iii, p. 499.

4 Fernando Solano, La tragedia del Norte, Barcelona, 1938, p. 73.

5 The Basque government consisted of four PNV councillors, three from the PSOE, one for the ANV, one from Izquierda Republicana, one from Unión Republicana and one member of the PCE.

6 See Santiago de Pablo, Ludger Mees and José A. Rodríguez Ranz, El péndulo patriótico. Historia del Partido Nacionalista Vasco, II 1936–1979, Barcelona 2001.

7 John Langdon-Davies, Behind Spanish Barricades, London, 1937. p. 63.

8 For example, Josep Tarradellas, quoted in Walther L. Bernecker, Colectividades y revolución social, Barcelona, 1983, p. 386n.

9 Solidaridad Obrera, 18 July 1937.

10 Diego Abad de Santillán, Por qué perdimos la guerra, Buenos Aires, 1940, p. 169.

11 Bernecker, Colectividades y revolución social, pp. 437–48.

12 The committee went under its Catalan name of the Comitè Central de Milícies Antifeixistes. Of their five posts, the libertarians allocated three to representatives of the CNT (Durruti, García Oliver and Asens) and two to the FAI (Abad de Santilla ´n and Aurelio Fernández). Durruti and other libertarian leaders left for the front on 23 July, thus further reducing their influence (John Brademas, Anarcosindicalismo y revolución en España, 1930–1937, Barcelona, 1974, p. 175.)

13 Ossorio, Vida y Sacrificio de Companys, p. 172.

14 For the relationship between the Generalitat and the anarchists in the field of finance and industry, see Francesc Bonamusa in La guerra civil a Catalunya, vol. ii, pp. 54ff.

15 Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, p. 393.

16 See Mary Nash, Mujeres libres: España, 1936–1939, Barcelona, 1975.

17 Sandie Holguín, República de ciudadanos, Barcelona, 2003, pp. 209ff.

18 RGASPI 495/120/259.

19 The UGT or UGT-CNT organized about 15 per cent of the collectives in New Castile and La Mancha, the majority in Estremadura, very few in Andalucia, about 20 per cent in Aragón and about 12 per cent in Catalonia.

20 The loss of markets and shortage of raw materials led to a 40 per cent decline in textile output, but engineering production increased by 60 per cent over the next nine months.

21 Josep Maria Bricall, ‘Les collectivitzacions’ in Anna Salles (ed.) Documents 1931–1939.

22 Franz Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit, Michigan, 1963, p. 90.

23 Ibid., p. 103.

24 Brademas, Anarcosindicalismo, pp. 204–9.

25 José Borrás, Aragón en la revolución española, Viguera, Barcelona, 1983, pp. 174ff.

26 The areas expropriated for collectives included 65 per cent of the agricultural land in the province of Jaén, 56.9 per cent in Ciudad Real, 33 per cent in Albacete and only 13.18 per cent in the whole of the province of Valencia. See Aurora Bosch, Ugetistas libertarios. Guerra Civil y revolución en el País Valenciano, Valencia, 1983.

27 Borkenau, pp. 155–6.