The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

28 G. Helsey, Anarcosindicalismo y estado en Aragón, 1930–1938, Madrid, 1994.

CHAPTER 12: The Army of Africa and the People’s Militias

1 Tuñón, La España del siglo xx, p. 438.

2 Jackson, La República…, p. 248.

3 Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, p. 252.

4 Tuñón, La España del siglo xx, p. 474.

5 Kuznetsov, Bajo la bandera de la España republicana, p. 160.

6 Zugazagoitia, Guerra y vicisitudes…, p. 135.

7 Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit, p. 159.

8 Marty report to Comintern, 10 October 1936, RGVA 33987/3/832, pp. 70–107.

9 Espinosa, La columna…, p. 52.

10 Ibid. p. 77.

11 Nationalist historians claim that Yagüe fell ill on 20 September.

12 Reig Tapia, Memoria de la guerra civil, pp. 149–87.

13 Robert Mallett, Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940, London 2003, p. 101.

14 See H. R. Southworth, El mito de la cruzada de Franco, Barcelona, 1986, pp. 93–116; and Reig Tapia, pp. 149–87.

15 According to Luis Quintanilla, Los rehenes del Alcázar de Toledo, Paris, 1967, they were shot and their bodies used to block shell holes in the wall, but this too may have been a myth.

16 John Whitaker, We Cannot Escape History, pp. 113–114.

17 Isabelo Herreros, El Alcázar de Toledo. Mitología de la cruzada de Franco, Madrid, 1995, p. 75.

18 Preston, Franco, p. 235.

19 RGVA 33987/3/845, pp. 14, 17–18.

20 According to Hugh Thomas, Cortés’s men lived from robbing the local area (La guerra civil española, p. 334).

21 See Seidmann, A ras del suelo, pp. 59–61.

22 Abad de Santillán, Por qué perdimos la guerra, Madrid, 1975, p. 85.

23 Ramón Brusco, Les milícies antfeixistes i l’Exèrcit popular a Catalunya, 1936–1937, Lérida, 2003, pp. 81–98.

24 Bolloten, La revolución española, p. 368.

25 Bill Alexander, British Volunteers for Liberty, London, 1982, pp. 73–4.

26 Salas, Historia del ejército popular de la República, vol. i, pp. 1147–8.

CHAPTER 13: Arms and the Diplomats

1 Bennassar, La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains, Paris, 2005, p. 133.

2 Bachoud, Franco, Barcelona, 2000, p. 150.

3 D. W. Pike, Les franc¸ais et la guerre d’Espagne, Paris, 1975, p. 81.

4 Welczek to Foreign Ministry, DGFP, p. 4.

5 Wegener to Foreign Ministry, 25 July, 1936, DGFP, p. 9.

6 Howson, Armas para España, pp. 45–6.

7 On 7 and 8 August, thirteen fighters and six bombers were sent to Spain, but they were stripped of weapons and equipment. The French Potez bombers were in any case completely obsolete. Nationalist claims of large numbers of aircraft being sent earlier are without foundation.

8 Eden, Facing the Dictators, London, 1962, p. 402.

9 Balfour and Preston (eds), España y las grandes potencias, p. 81.

10 Director of Legal Department, Foreign Ministry, to the German Legation in Lisbon, 7 September 1936 (DGFP, p. 78).

11 Faupel to Wilhelmstrasse, 5 May 1937, DGFP, pp. 282–3.

12 J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London, 1920.

13 Kirkpatrick, Ivone, The Inner Circle, London, 1958.

14 Eden, Facing the Dictators, p. 433.

15 Bolín, Spain: The Vital Years, London, 1967.

16 Heiberg, Emperadodores del Mediterráneo, pp. 57–60.

17 Renzo de Felice, Mussolini il duce, vol. ii, Lo stato totalitario, p. 366.

18 Coverdale, La intervención italiana en la guerra civil española, Madrid, 1979.

19 Johannes Bernhardt and Adolf Langenheim, both members of the Nazi Party and based in Morocco, were accompanied by one of General Kindelán’s officers, Captain Francisco Arranz Monasterio. For the seizure of the Lufthansa aircraft in Las Palmas to take General Orgaz to Tetuán, and then the arms delegation on to Berlin, see DGFP, pp. 7–8.

20 See Memorandum of the Director of the Political Department, Dr Hans Heinrich Dieckhoff, arguing that ‘it is absolutely necessary that at this stage German governmental and Party authorities continue to refrain from any contact with the two officers. Arms deliveries to the rebels would become known very soon’ (Dieckhoff, 25 July 1936, DGFP, p. 11).