The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

10 Jackson, La República española y la guerra civil, p. 271.

11 The same happened in Palencia, where the rising was immediately successful. In 1936 the freelance executions resulted in the death of 103 people, to which should be added the 169 sentences of death by military tribunals. In Soria 281 were killed and in Segovia, where little had happened before the war to justify the repression 358 were executed and another 2,282 imprisoned. See Jesús M. Palomares, La guerra civil en Palencia, Palencia 2002, pp. 121–44; Santiago Vega Sombría, De la esperanza a la persecución. La repressión franquista en la provincia de Segovia, Barcelona, 2005, p. 279.

12 Juliá, op. cit., p. 101.

13 Emilio Silva and Santiago Macías, Las fosas de Franco, Madrid, 2003, pp. 317ff.

14 Ibid., pp. 151ff.

15 Fraser, Recuérdalo tú, p. 369.

16 Ibid., p. 211.

17 Ibid., p. 213.

18 When, in September 1936, a Falangist column reached Andavalo, where many of the miners for Rio Tinto worked, they killed 315 of the inhabitants. See Luciano Suero Sánchez, Memorias de un campesino andaluz en la revolución española, Madrid, 1982, p. 84.

19 Espinosa, La columna de la muerte, p. 30.

20 For the events at Badajoz see Espinosa, La columna de la muerte;Mário Neves, A chacina de Badajoz, Lisbon, 1985; Julián Chaves, La guerra civil en Extremadura, Editora Regional de Extremadura, 1997; Alberto Reig Tapia, Memoria de la guerra civil, Madrid, 1999 and Justo Vila, Extremadura: La guerra civil, Badajoz, 1983. The journalists who gave the news to the world soon afterwards included: Mario Neves, Marcel Dany of Havas, Jacques Berthet of Temps, Jean d’Esme of l’Intransige´ant, Rene´ Brut a cameraman with Pathé Newsreels, Jay Allen of the Chicago Tribune and John T. Whitaker of the New York Herald Tribune.

21 The figure of 6,610 was compiled by Francisco Espinosa, but he added that the figure might well prove to be twice as high. La columna de la morte, p. 321.

22 John Whitaker, We Cannot Escape History. New York, 1943, quoted by Reig Tapia, Memoria de la guerra civil, pp 140–1.

23 Lorca was killed on 18 August along with the teacher Dióscoro Galindo González and the anarchist banderilleros Joaquín Arcollas and Francisco Galadí, in Fuente Grande, next to the gully of Víznar, where the bodies of hundreds of victims lay (Ian Gibson, Federico García Lorca, vol. i, Barcelona, 1998, p. 485). Before ordering the killing of the poet, the new governor, Colonel Jose´ Valdés Guzmán, head of the Falangist squads, telephoned Queipo de Llano to consult him. He apparently replied, ‘Give him coffee, a lot of coffee.’ Café, it must be remembered, was formed by the initials of ‘Camaradas: Arriba Falange Española’. The death certificate stated: ‘died in the month of August 1936 as a result of war wounds’. See Ian Gibson, Granada en 1936 y el asesinato de Federico García Lorca, Barcelona, 1979.

24 TNA, FO 371/39742, 9903.

25 Juliá, Victimas…, p. 201.

26 A. Nadal Sànchez, Guerra civil en Málaga, Málaga, 1984.

27 See Ignacio Martín Jiménez, La guerra civil en Valladolid, 1936–1939, Valladolid, 2000.

28 Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, p. 219.

29 Ibid., p. 217.

30 Juliá, Victimas…, pp. 411–12.

31 Article of 25 July 1936, quoted by Ian Gibson, Queipo de Llano, p. 83.

Chapter 10: The Nationalist Zone

1 The junta assumed ‘all the powers of the state and legitimately represented the country to foreign powers’ (Boletin Oficial del Estado of 25 July 1936).

2 Constancia de la Mora, Doble esplendor, Barcelona, 1977, p. 247.

3 Manuel Tuñón de Lara, La España del siglo xx, p. 479.

4 The full text of the pastoral letter is in Antonio Montero, Historia de la persecución religiosa en España, 1936–1939, Madrid, 1961.

5 Bahamonde, p. 34.

6 La Unión, Seville, 15 August 1936.

7 In October the Falange had 35,000 members, which represented 54 per cent of the nationalist militias and 19 per cent of the total nationalist forces, many more than the Carlist requetés.

8 Messerschmitt of the Export Cartel for War Matériel, 8 September 1936, DGFP, p. 88.