The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

15 The Army of Africa comprised 15,000 regulares and 4,000 legionnaires, as well as 12,000 members of the Sultan’s forces and 1,500 Ifni riflemen. See Gustau Nerín, La guerra que vino de áfrica, Barcelona, 2005, p. 170.

16 See Pierre Vilar, La guerra civil española, Barcelona, 1986, p. 66; Enrique Moradiellos, 1936. Los mitos de la guerra civil, Barcelona, 2004, p. 83; and Ramón Salas Larrazábal, Los datos exactos de la guerra civil, Madrid, 1980, pp. 62–3.

CHAPTER 8: The Red Terror

1 Callahan, La Iglesia católica en España, p. 282.

2 Schwendemann, Salamanca, 27 December 1936 to Foreign Ministry, DGFP, p.189.

3 The Rev. Dr Gerhard Ohlemüller, Secretary General of the Protestant World Council, protested to the Wilhelmstrasse on 28 November 1936, but the nationalist government refused to answer a German Foreign Ministry request to investigate (DGFP, pp. 144–5).

4 See José M. Sanabre Sanromá, Martirologio de la Iglesia en la diócesis de Barcelona durante la persecución religiosa, Barcelona 1943; Hilari Raguer, La espada y la cruz: La Iglesia, 1936–1939, Barcelona, 1977; La pólvora y el incienso, Barcelona, 2001; Julián Casanova, La iglesia de Franco, Madrid, 2001.

5 ‘Checa’ was the acronym for Chrezvichainaia Komissia, the ‘Extraordinary Commission’ to fight counter-revolutionary activities and sabotage. It was led by Feliks Dzherzhinsky, and became the forerunner of the OGPU, the NKVD and the KGB.

6 The official Francoist account, Causa general, states that there were more than 200 checas in Madrid alone. See Santos Juliá (ed.), Víctimas de la guerra civil.

7 Maria Casares, Residente privilégiée, Paris, 1980.

8 Santos Juliá, Víctimas…, p. 131.

9 Among the dead were the Falangists Julio Ruiz de Alda and Fernando Primo de Rivera; Jose´ María Albiñana, founder of the Nationalist Party, and the former ministers, Ramón Alvarez Valdés, Manuel Rico Avellot and José Martínez de Velasco and the old Melquíades Alvarez (Juliá, Victimas…, p. 73).

10 Manuel Azaña, ‘Cuaderno de la Pobleta’ in Diarios completos, pp. 943ff.

11 José Peirats, La CNT en la Revolución española, Toulouse, 1953, vol. i, p. 182.

12 La guerra civil a Catalunya (1936–1939), vol. i, p. 152.

13 For the repression by the left in Catalonia see J. M. Solé i Sabaté and J. Villarroya, La repressió a la reraguarda de Catalunya (1936–1939), Barcelona 1989, two volumes.

14 In Huelva the civil governor, Diego Jiménez Castellano, did all that he could to protect the right-wingers put behind bars. On 12 August, in La Nava de Santiago (Badajoz), the municipal council stopped a crowd from setting fire to the church with 63 right-wing prisoners inside (Francisco Espinosa, La columna de la muerte, pp. 165–6). In Zafra the mayor, González Barrero, saved the prisoners just before Major Castejón’s troops arrived, (Espinosa, La columna de la muerte, p. 30). In Pozoblanco the head teacher, Antonio Baena, prevented an attack on the town jail (Juliá, Víctimas…, p. 165).

15 Ibid., p. 412; see also G. Sánchez Recio, Justicia y guerra en España. Los tribunales populares, Alicante, 1991. Enrique Moradiellos raises the figure to 60,000 victims (1936. Los mitos de la guerra civil, p. 129).

CHAPTER 9: The White Terror

1 Mohammad Ibn Azzuz Akin, La actitud de los moros ante el Alzamiento, Algazara, 1997, p. 102.

2 Dionisio Ridruejo, Escrito en España, Buenos Aires, 1964, p. 94.

3 Casanova, Morir, matar…, p. 11.

4 Santos Juliá, Victimas…, p. 92.

5 This profession was one of the most heavily punished in the nationalist repression. Several hundred teachers were murdered in the first few weeks; 20 in Huelva, 21 in Burgos, 33 in Saragossa, 50 in León, etc. See Jesús Crespo, Purga de maestros en la guerra civil, Valladolid, 1987; F. Morente ‘La represió sobre el magisteri’ in Actes del IV Seminari sobre la República i la guerra civil, pp. 80 ff.

6 Santos Juliá, Victimas…, p. 94.

7 Julián Casanova, Morir, matar, sobrevivir, p. 106.

8 Ibid., p. 107.

9 Manuel Tuñón de Lara, La España del siglo XX, p. 451.