The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

34 Richthofen, BA-MA RL 35/38. The request, supported by General Faupel, was rejected in Berlin on both political and technical grounds, principally the problem of shipping such a large body of men past Britain without being seen. See Dieckhoff’s memorandum of December 1936, DGFP, pp. 155–6, 162, 165 and168.

CHAPTER 18: The Metamorphosis of the War

1 Chargé d’affaires in Madrid, v. Tippelskirch to Foreign Ministry, 23 September 1936, DGFP, p. 94.

2 Faupel to Foreign Ministry, 10 December 1936, DGFP, p. 159.

3 Richthofen personal war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

4 Karl Anger (Dobrovolsky), RGVA 35082/1/189.

5 Koltsov, Ispansky dnevnik, p. 309.

6 RGVA 35082/1/185, pp. 400, 407.

7 Ibid., pp. 680–95.

8 Castells, Las Brigadas Internacionales, pp. 130–1.

9 The Owl of Minerva, London, 1959.

10 Gillain, La Marseillaise, p. 16.

11 Preston, La guerra civil española, Barcelona, 1999, p. 125.

12 See Gabriele Ranzato, L’eclissi della democrazia. La guerra civile spagnola e le sue origine, Turín, 2004, pp. 372–3.

13 Diarios 1937–1943, Barcelona, 2004, p. 15.

14 When Villalba returned to nationalist Spain after the war, his claims of ‘negligencia deliberada’ were fully accepted and he was restored to the rank of full colonel, with pension. See ‘Rectificaciones’ in vol. iv of Crónica de la guerra española, Buenos Aires, 1966, p. 491.

15 Richthofen personal war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

16 Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit, p. 227.

17 23 March 1937, RGVA 33987/3/991, pp. 81–96, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 162.

18 RGVA 33987/3/960, pp. 180–9, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 127.

19 RGVA/33987/3/1010, p. 300.

20 Marchenko to Litvinov, 22 February 1937, RGVA 33987/3/960, pp. 303–15.

21 Brusco, p. 114.

22 El péndulo patriótico, vol. ii, p. 22.

23 ‘Adelante!’, Internatsionalnaya brigada, Moscow, 1937, pp. 106–18.

24 Krasnaya Zvezda, 15 September 1993.

25 Alpert, El Ejército de la República, p. 65.

26 Guerra, exilio y cárcel, Paris, 1976.

27 J. Martínez Reverte, La batalla de Madrid.

CHAPTER 19: The Battles of the Jarama and Guadalajara

1 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

2 Regler, The Great Crusade, pp. 243–63.

3 Castells, Las Brigadas Internacionales, p. 166.

4 Wintringham, English Captain, London, 1939.

5 Alexander, British Volunteers, p. 95.

6 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

7 Kemp, Mine Were of Trouble, London, 1957.

8 RGVA 33987/3/912, pp. 127–8.

9 RGVA 35082/1/185, p. 379.

10 Sixten Rogeby, Spanska frontminnen, Arbetarkultur, Stockholm, 1938.

11 RGVA 35082/1/185, p. 361.

12 Salas, La guerra de España desde el aire, p. 164.

13 Marty to Dimitrov, 28 March 1937, RGVA 33987/3/991, pp. 150–88.

14 Blanco, La incompetencia militar de Franco, p. 344.

15 Segala, Trincee di Spagna, p. 116.

16 Renzo de Felice, Mussolini il duce, vol. ii., Lo steto totalitario, p. 404.

17 Rodimtsev, Dobrovoltsy, p. 57.

18 Castells, Las Brigadas Internacionales, p. 187.

19 Rodimtsev, op. cit., pp. 73–4.

20 RGASPI 533/6/102, p. 110.

21 Karl Anger (Dobrovolsky), RGVA 35082/1/189, p. 188.

22 Koltsov, Ispansky dnevnik p. 450.

23 Mi embajada en Londres, pp. 321–3.

24 Rodimtsev, pp. 94–6.

25 Mera, Guerra, exilio y cárcel, Paris, 1976.

26 Karl Anger (Dobrovolsky), RGVA 35082/1/189, p. 190.

27 Rodimtsev, p. 102.

28 RGVA 33987/3/1082, p. 206.

29 RGVA 33987/3/961, p. 123.

30 Two Wars and More to Come, p. 264.

31 Renzo de Felice, Lo stato totalitario p. 392.

32 Mussolini, probably echoing Franco’s own conviction that French regular officers were directing operations, told the German ambassador in Italy on 25 March that ‘French direction has been unmistakably evident on the side of the reds in their whole tactical procedure’ (DGFP, p. 259).

33 DGFP, p. 265.

CHAPTER 20: The War in the North

1 The government consisted of Aguirre, Jesús María Leizaola, Heliodoro de la Torre and Telesforo Monzón (all PNV); three socialists (Santiago Aznar, Juan Gracía and Juan de los Toyos); a member of ANV (Gonzalo Nárdiz), one from the Izquierda Republicana (Ramón Maria Aldasoro), another from Unión Republicana (Alfredo Espinosa) and Juan Astigarrabía, a communist.

2 S. de Pablo et al., El péndulo patrótico, vol. ii, p. 19.