The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

3 Luis María Jiménez de Aberasturi, La guerra en el Norte, p. 118.

4 RGVA 35082/1/189, pp. 8–9.

5 Aberasturi, op. cit., p. 163. 6 BA-MA RL 35/3.

7 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38. 8 Ibid.

9 According to the republican chaplain, José María Basabilotra, people tried to seek refuge in the cemetery. Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, pp. 549–50.

10 Vicente Talón, Memoria de la guerra de Euskadi, p. 398.

11 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid.

15 Luis Michelena, quoted Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, p 552.

16 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

17 Sole Sabaté and Villarroya state that three Savoia S-79s had already ropped 36 bombs of 50 kilograms each (España en llamas, pp. 84–5).

18 Between 200 and 300 according to V. Talón, Memoria…, pp. 34–5, and around 200 according to S. De Pablo, ‘La guerra civil en el País Vasco’.

19 See Southworth, Guernica, pp. 22–4, and Steer, The Tree of Gernika.

20 ángel Viñas, Guerra, dinerodictadura, p. 122.

21 ABC, 29 April 1937.

22 Ibid. A slightly different version was reported by Faupel, the German ambassador, on 5 May 1937. It included the sentence: ‘Aguirre planned the destruction of Guernica with the devilish intention of laying the blame before the enemy’s door and producing a storm of indignation among the already conquered and demoralized Basques’ (DGFP, p. 281).

23 A. Rovighi and F. Stefani, La participazione italiana alla guerra civile spagnola, Estado Mayor del Ejército, Roma, 1993, quoted by Ranzato, Leclissi della democrazia, p. 492.

24 Virginia Cowles, Looking for Trouble, p. 75.

25 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

26 For the destruction of Guernica see Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts, The Day Guernica Died, London, 1975; H. R. Southworth, Guernica el mito; A. Viñas, Guerra, dinero, dictadura; and J. L. de la Granja and C. Garitaonandía (ed.), Gernika: 50 años después

27 Diarios completes, p. 974.

28 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

29 Aberasturi, La guerra en el norte, pp. 234–5.

30 The German ambassador in Rome, Ulrich von Hassell, reported as early as 13 January 1937 that ‘through the mediation of the Vatican negotiations are being carried on in the north with the Basque separatists at Bilbao’ (DGFP, p. 221).

31 Franco’s headquarters, however, announced: ‘Vizcaya front. This afternoon at 3.10 p.m. troops entered the capital of Vizcaya. Bilbao is once again part of Spain.’

32 For the ‘Pact of Santoña’, the relations between the Basque government and Valencia and the diplomatic discussion, see S. De Pablo, El péndulo patriótico, pp. 29–41.

33 Ciano, Diarios 1937–1943, p. 15.

CHAPTER 21: The Propaganda War and the Intellectuals

1 H. R. Southworth, El lavado de cerebro de Francisco Franco, pp. 21–186.

2 Blanco Escolá, Falacios de la guerra civil, p. 105.

3 The Catholic Church declared that the murdered priests were martyrs. This position continued right up to John Paul II’s visit to Spain in May 2003, when he maintained that the killing of priests was a ‘bloody and planned religious persecution’. In Madrid, he beatified the teacher Pedro Poveda, killed there on 27 July 1936. He still made no mention of the Basque priests killed by the nationalists (El País, 5 May, 2003).

4 ‘Carta colectiva del Episcopado español a los obispos del mundo entero’, 1 July 1937, quoted in Antonio Montero, Historia de la persecución religiosa en España, 1936–1939, Madrid, 1961.

5 Southworth, El mito, p. 169.

6 Luis Bolín, Spain: The Vital Years, London, 1967

7 Peter Kemp, Mine Were of Trouble, pp. 49–50.

8 Virgina Cowles, p. 77–80.

9 Peter Kemp, Mine Were of Trouble.

10 Arthur Koestler, Spanish Testament, London, 1937.

11 Southworth, El mito, p. 238.

12 Bennassar argues that ‘the two camps behaved like agencies of disinformation and rumour factories’ (La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains, p. 323).

13 Quoted in Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins, p. 115.