The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

22 Josep Renau, Carles Fontseré, Lorenzo Gomis, Ramón Gaya, José Bardasano, Josep Obiols, Lola Anglada, Martí Bas, José Luis Rey Vila (‘Sim’), Antoni Clavé, Emeterio Melendreras, Helios Gómez and Luis Quintanilla. On the nationalist side the best-known designers were Carlos Sáenz de Tejada, a great draughtsman, and Teodoro Delgado. See Jordi and Arnau Carulla, La guerra civil en 2.000 carteles, 2 vol, Barcelona, 1997; Carmen Grimau, El cartel republicano en la guerra civil, Madrid, 1979.

23 The republicans had Unión Radio, Radio España and the many transmitters belonging to political parties and trade unions. La Voz de España was the station for propaganda aimed abroad. The nationalists used Radio Tetuán, Radio Ceuta and Radio Sevilla (known as Queipo de Llano’s ‘plaything’), as well as the foreign broadcasts of their allies in Rome, Berlin and Lisbon. The radio station attached to the Generalissimo’s headquarters soon became the most important in nationalist Spain. When the nationalists conquered a sector of republican territory, they immediately put the radio station there to work for their own side. See C. Garitaonandía, ‘La radio republicana durante la guerra civil’ in Historia y memoria de la guerra civil, vol. i, pp. 391–400.

24 Most were by Ramon Biadiu: Delta de l’Ebre; Els tapers de la Costa; Transformació de la indústria al servei de la guerra and Vail d’Aran (Santos Zunzunegui and Eduardo González Calleja, Comunicación cultura y política durante la Il República y la guerra civil, vol. ii, Bilbao, 1990, pp. 475–493); see also Daniel Kowalsky, La Unión Soviética y la guerra civil española.

25 For the exhibition, see Manuel Aznar, Pensamiento literario y compromiso antifascista de la inteligencia española republicana, Barcelona, 1978.

26 André Malraux, Julián Benda, Tristan Tzara, André Chamson, Anna Seghers, Ilya Ehrenburg, Alexis Tolstoy, Stephen Spender, Malcolm Cowley, Jef Last, Ernest Hemingway, Frank Pitcairn, Eric Weinert, Pablo Neruda, Nicolás Guillén, Octavio Paz, César Vallejo, Vicente Huidobro, Juan Marinello, Raúl González Tuñón, José Mancisidor, Enrique Díez Canedo, Antonio Machado, Rafael Alberti, Corpus Barga, Eugenio Imaz, Wenceslao Roces, Manuel Altolaguirre, Emilio Prados, Jose´ Bergamín, Juan Chabás, Juan Gil Albert and Miguel Herna Alca´ndez (International Anti-Fascist Congress of Writers in Spain, GARF 1117/04/37).

27 Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, Oxford, 1968.

28 Churchill, Step by Step, p. 304.

CHAPTER 22: The Struggle for Power

1 Faupel to Wilhelmstrasse, 14 April 1937, DGFP, p. 269.

2 Cowles, p. 80.

3 In his last despatch of 9 April 1937 the Italian ambassador to Franco, Roberto Cantalupo, described with great clarity the Generalissimo’s plans to amalgamate the political parties and establish ‘his own position as future head of state, head of government and head of all the political and union organizations in the future totalitarian Spain’. Quoted by Ranzato, L’eclissi della democrazia, p. 527.

4 Decreto no. 255, published in the Boletín Oficial of 20 April 1937. The text was drafted by Serrano Súñer and Ernesto Jiménez Caballero who, needless to say, did not consult either Hedilla or Rodezno.

5 Ellwood, Prietas las filas, p. 111. The Carlists were in charge of only nine provincial organizations, while the Falangists took over twenty-two. See J. Tusell, Franco en la guerra civil, Tusquets, Barcelona, 1992.

6 Heleno Saña, El franquismo sin mitos. Conversaciones con Serrano Súñer, Barcelona, 1982, p. 69. Leonardo Painador, the prosecutor of the popular tribunal which condemned to death the two brothers of Serrano Súñer, was shot early in 1940 (Bullón and De Diego, Historias orales de la guerra civil, p. 191).

7 Manuel Hedilla, Testimonio, pp. 529–33.

8 TsAMO 132/2642/77, pp. 45–6.

9 Elorza and Bizcarrondo, Queridos camaradas, p. 341 and Dimitrov, Diarios, 20 March 1937, p. 58.

10 RGVA 33987/3/960, pp. 14–15.

11 RGVA 33987/3/961, pp. 34–56, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, pp. 403–4.

12 TsAMO 132/2642/192, p. 42, quoted in Rybalkin, p. 48.

13 Bolloten, La Revolución española, p. 322.

14 Frente Rojo, 17 April 1937, quoted Bolloten, p. 337.

15 Petrov, battalion commander, 17 May, 1937, RGVA 35082/1/185, p. 374.