The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

3 ‘Mein Bruder ist ein Flieger / Unserm Volke fehlt’s an Raum / Und Grund und Boden zu kriegen, ist / Bei uns ein alter Traum. / Der Raum, den mein Bruder eroberte / Liegt in Guadarramamassiv. / Er ist lang einen Meter achtzig / Und einen Meter fünfzig tief (Bertolt Brecht, ‘Mein Bruder war ein Flieger’ in Gedichte 1931–1941, Frankfurt, 1961 p. 31.

4 Castells, Las Brigadas Internacionales, p. 214.

5 RGVA 35082/1/95, pp. 33–58, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 436.

6 J. Salas Larrazábal, La guerra de España desde el aire, p. 222.

7 J. Salas, p. 223.

8 Nick Gillain, Le mercenaire, p. 59.

9 Castells, p. 217.

10 García Morato, who had fired his machine-guns at another black car, believed that he had killed Lukács, when in fact he had killed Doctor Heilbrun, the head of medical services.

11 RGVA 35082/1/95, pp. 35–58, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 436.

12 Castells, p. 225.

13 D. Kowalski, La Unión Soviética y la guerra civil española, p. 340.

14 Azaña, p. 1003.

15 Ibid., p. 1073.

16 Colonel Rudolf Xylander, September 1937, RGASPI 545/2/185, p. 9.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid.

20 F. Ciutat, Relatos y reflexiones de la guerra de España 1936–1939, Madrid, 1978, p. 71.

21 J. Salas, p. 241.

22 Colonel Rudolf Xylander, September 1937, RGASPI 545/2/185, p. 9.

23 Castells, p. 241.

24 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

25 BA-MA RL 35/42

26 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

27 Report G. Stern, 8 October 1937, RGVA 35082/1/21, p. 12.

28 RGVA 35082/1/95, pp. 33–58, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 437.

29 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

30 V. Rojo, España heroica, p. 87.

31 Alexander, p. 118.

32 RGVA 35082/1/95, pp. 33–58, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 440.

33 Rodimtsev, Dobrovoltsy.

34 Azaña, p. 1054.

35 Radosh and Habeck, p. 267.

36 Preston, Franco, pp. 355–6.

37 Castells, pp. 246–9.

38 RGVA 35082/1/42, pp. 249–55.

39 RGVA 33987/3/1149, p. 262.

40 Ibid., pp. 221–6, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 481.

41 23 June 1937, RGVA 33987/3/1056, pp. 27–8.

42 RGVA 35082/1/90, p. 533.

43 Meretskov and Simonov to Voroshilov, 21 August 1937, RGVAI 33987/3/1033.

44 RGVA 33987/3/1149, p. 261.

CHAPTER 25: The Beleaguered Republic

1 P. Azcárate, Mi embajada en Londres, pp. 145–9.

2 Ibid., p. 155.

3 Cowles, p. 80.

4 Chargé d’affaires in US to Wilhelmstrasse, DGFP, pp. 208–9.

5 J-F Berdah, La democracia asesinada, pp. 292–8.

6 Ciano, Diarios, p. 13.

7 Ibid., p. 19.

8 H. Nicolson, Diaries and Letters 1930–1939, London, 1966.

9 Ribbentrop to Wilhelmstrasse, 22 June 1937, DGFP, pp. 364–5 and 366–7.

10 Azcárate, p. 192.

11 Eden, Facing the Dictators, p. 412.

12 RGVA 33987/3/1015, pp. 92–113, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, pp. 219–33.

CHAPTER 26: The War in Aragón

1 Bolloten, La Revolución española, pp. 337–9.

2 Casanova, De la calle al frente, p. 233.

3 Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, p. 481.

4 F. Mintz, L’autogestion dans l’Espagne révolutionnaire, Paris 1970; Bernecker, op. cit., Casanova, op. cit.

5 La revolución popular en el campo, p. 17, quoted in Bolloten, La Revolución española, pp. 339–40,

6 Líster, Nuestra guerra, pp. 151–5.

7 Antonio Cordón, Trayectoria, pp. 301–2.

8 TsAMO 132/2542/192, p. 61.

9 Blanco Escolá, Falacias de la guerra civil, p. 238.

10 Cordón, op. cit.

11 Castells, Las Brigadas Internacionales…, p. 272.

12 TsAMO 132/2542/192, p. 61.

13 RGVA 33987/3/1149, pp. 211–26, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 484; and RGVA 33987/3/1149, p. 229.

14 M. Dunbar, The Book of the XV Brigade, p. 266. For the course of the battle see Cordón, pp. 302–14; Rojo, España heroica, pp. 115–27; and Martínez Bande, La gran ofensiva, pp. 77ff.

15 Castells, Las Brigadas Internacionales, p. 283.

16 RGVA 33987/3/1149, pp. 211–26, quoted in Radosh and Habeck, p. 483.

17 Mundo Obrero, 4 September 1937.

CHAPTER 27: The Destruction of the Northern Front and of Republican Idealism

1 Salas, La guerra de España desde el aire, p. 270.