The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

4 Morten Heiberg and Mogens Pelt, Los negocios de la guerra. Howson estimates that Göring received the equivalent of one pound sterling for every one of the 750,000 rifles supplied by Bodosakis.

5 Colonel Ribbing’s report from Spain, General Staff, Former Secret Archive, Foreign Department, KA E III 26, vol., p. 20.

6 The nationalist debt to Nazi Germany rose to RM 372 million, but it was paid off over a long period and mainly in kind, through raw materials from mining and other produce.

7 Heiberg and Pelt, Los negocios de la guerra.

8 Howson, Armas para España.

9 See Chapter 19.

10 In five shipments, $15 million worth of silver was sold. Another $5 million was disposed of in other ways.

11 Viñas, Guerra, dinero, dictadura, p. 174.

12 For the whole episode see Villas, El oro de Moscú; Viñas, Guerra, dinero, dictadura; Howson, Armas para España and Kowalsky, La Unión Soviética y la guerra civil española, The Republic paid for: 5 Katiuska bombers; 26 Tupolev bombers; 121 I-16 (Moscas); 25 T-26 tanks; 149 75mm field guns; 32 anti-aircraft guns; 254 anti-tank guns; 4,158 machine-guns; 125,050 rifles; 237,349 shells; 132,559,672rounds of ammunition. All the arms and ammunition which left the Soviet Union after August 1938 never reached the Republic. Most of it was handed over to Franco at the end of the war by the French government. See Chapter 35 below.

13 AVP RF 18/84/144, p. 5.

14 Ibid., pp. 14–15.

15 Jackson, La República española…, p. 387.

16 Ibid., p. 388.

17 Rafael Abella, La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil. La España republicana, Barcelona, 2004, p. 359.

18 Ciano, Diarios, p. 87.

19 Jackson, La República española…, p. 387.

20 Sole Sabaté and Villarroya, España en llamas, p. 170.

21 Ciano, Diarios, p. 109.

22 During the course of the war, Barcelona was bombed 113 times by the Aviazione Legionaria, 80 by the Condor Legion, (40 times between 21 and 25 January 1939) and once by the Brigada Aérea Hispana. Altogether, these bombing attacks caused 2,500 deaths, 1,200 of them between March and December 1938 (Joan Villarroya, Els bombardeigs de Barcelona durant la guerra civil, Barcelona, 1981).

23 Ibid.

24 He did the same thing in La Vanguardia under the pseudonym Juan Ventura, describing Prieto as an ‘impenitent pessimist’.

25 Mije, La Pasionaria and Díaz for the Spanish Communist Party; Mariano Vázquez and García Oliver for the CNT; Herrera and Escorza for the FAI; Vidarte and Pretel for the UGT; Serra Pàmies for the PSUC and Santiago Carrillo for the JSU.

26 To José Prat, under-secretary of the cabinet. Quoted by Miralles, Juan Negrín, p. 198.

27 Prieto always maintained (Cómo y por qué salí del Ministeri de Defensa Nacional and in his bitter correspondence with Negrín collected in Epistolario Prieto–Negrín) that Negrín forced him out of the ministry of defence at the insistence of the communists.

28 Those present included Negrín, Martínez Barrio as president of the Cortes, Lluís Companys as president of the Generalitat, Quemades of the Izquierda Republicana, González Peña of the PSOE, JoséDíaz of the PCE, Monzón of the PNV and Mariano Vázquez of the CNT.

29 Negrín appointed Méndez Aspe (Izquierda Republicana) as minister of finance, González Peña (PSOE) as minister of justice; Paulino Gómez Sáez (PSOE), minister of the interior; álvarez del Vayo (PSOE, but pro-communist) as minister of state; Giral (Izquierda Republicana) and Irujo (PNV) as ministers without portfolio; Giner de los Ríos (Unión Republicana) as minister of communications and transport; Velao (Izquierda Republicana) as minister of public works; Blanco (CNT) as minister of education (in the place of Jesús Hernández, PCE); and kept Ayguadé (ERC) as minister of work and Uribe (PCE) as minister of agriculture.

30 Eden, Facing the Dictators, p. 571.

31 Ciano, Diarios, p. 221.

32 Ibid., p. 117.

33 These were presented to the council of ministers on 30 April 1938. He described them as part of his new programme ‘for the knowledge of his compatriots and as an announcement to the world’, to emphasize the national character of his political programme and as the basis of a future compromise between all Spaniards.

34 Faupel to Wilhelmstrasse, 5 May 1937, DGFp. 282.

35 Faupel to Wilhelmstrasse, 11 May, 1937, DGFp. 284–5.

36 Faupel to Wilhelmstrasse, 23 May, 1937, DGFp. 294.

37 Faupel to Wilhelmstrasse, 11 May, 1937, DGFp. 284.

CHAPTER 30: Arriba España!

1 Luis Suárez, Franco: la historia y sus documentos, p. 94.