The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

10 At the end of 1938 the nationalists and their allies mustered fourteen squadrons of Fiat CR 32 fighters and three squadrons of Messerschmitts with twelve aircraft each. Added to the Fiat force based in the Balearics, this gave them over 200 fighters (a total roughly equal to their combined bomber forces of Junkers 52s, Heinkel IIIs and Savoia-Marchettis).

11 Salas, La guerra de España, pp. 445–6.

12 Ibid., p. 404.

13 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Stepánov, Las causas de la derrota, p. 150.

17 Cordón, Trayectoria, p. 375.

18 Bolloten, La Revolución española, p. 932.

19 Rojo, ¡Alerta los pueblos!, p. 121.

20 Ibid., p. 125.

21 Quoted in Recuérdalo tú…, p. 674.

22 Abella, La vida cotidiana…La España republicana, p. 415.

23 Quan érem capitans, Barcelona, 1974, p. 149.

24 Guillermo Cabanellas, La guerra de los mil días, Barcelona, 1973, vol. ii, p. 1047.

25 Ciano, Diarios, p. 258.

26 Benet, Catalunya sota el règim franquista, Paris, 1973, vol. i, p. 222.

27 Fraser, Recuérdalo tú…, p. 674.

28 Benet, Catalunya sota el règim franquista, p. 229.

29 BA-MA RL 35/7.

30 Ibid.

31 Emil Voldemarovich Shteingold, ‘My Last 10 Days in Spain’, RGVA 35082/3/32, pp. 1–5.

32 Zugazagoitia, Guerra y vicisitudes…, p. 523.

33 Daladier had proposed that a free zone was established on Spanish soil in which to intern refugees, but this was rejected by Negrín as well as by Franco.

34 BA-MA RL 35/8.

35 BA-MA RL 35/7.

36 Regler, Owl of Minerva, p. 321.

CHAPTER 34: The Collapse of the Republic

1 Luis Romero, El final de la guerra, Barcelona, 1976, p. 134.

2 Ibid., pp. 124–5.

3 Elorza and Bizcarrondo, Queridos camaradas, p. 430.

4 Stepánov, Las causas de la derrota…, pp. 168–9.

5 Mundo Obrero, 12 February 1939.

6 Togliatti, Escritos sobre la guerra de España, p. 275.

7 Tuñón, Historia de España, vol. ix, p. 506.

8 ABC, Madrid, 14 February 1939.

9 Alpert, El ejército republicano, p. 313.

10 See Miralles, Juan Negrín, p. 311; Togliatti, Escritos…, p. 279; Elorza and Bizcarrondo, Queridos camaradas, p. 431.

11 Colonel Ribbing’s report from Spain, General Staff, Former Secret Archive, Foreign Department, KA E III 26, vol. 1, p. 22.

12 The gold handed over was worth almost $27 million. See Joan Sardà, El Banco de España, p. 452.

13 Memoirs, New York, 1948.

14 Azaña, Obras Completa, vol. iii, p. 567.

15 Also Colonel Moriones, of the Army of the Centre, Colonel Camacho, head of the air force in the zone, and General Bernal, commander of the naval base of Cartagena.

16 Casado’s first acquaintance with anarchists had come during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, when Casado was imprisoned and became friends with libertarians in jail. See Alpert, El ejército republicano, pp. 301ff.

17 Romero, El final de la guerra, p. 138.

18 See Luis Suárez, Francisco Franco, in preparation, and Martínez Bande, Los cien últimos días de la República.

19 Romero, El final de la guerra, p. 123.

20 Ibid., p. 138.

21 See Martínez Bande, Los cien últimos días de la República.

22 BA-MA RL 35/8.

23 For the most thorough account of the uprising, see Luis Romero, Desastre en Cartagena, Barcelona, 1971.

24 Other appointments included González Marín, CNT, finance; Miguel San Andre´s, Izquierda Republicana, justice and propaganda; Eduardo Val, CNT, communications and public works; José del Río, of Unión Republicana, education and health; and Antonio Pérez, of the UGT, labour. Melchor Rodríguez, of the CNT, became the new mayor of Madrid.

25 All the speeches are printed in full in Romero, El final de la guerra, pp. 261-8.

26 Cipriano Rivas Cherif, Retrato de un desconocido, p. 437.

27 Luis Romero, El final de la guerra, pp. 274–5.

28 Miralles, Juan Negrín, p. 324.

29 BA-MA RL 35/8.

30 Elorza and Bizcarrondo, Queridos camaradas, p. 434.

31 Togliatti, Escritos sobre la guerra de España, p. 297.

32 Tagüeña, Entre dos guerras, p. 310.

33 Marías, p. 248.

34 Tuñón, Historia de España, ix, p. 526.

35 BA-MA RL35/7.

36 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38.

37 Casado, The Last Days of Madrid, p. 259.

38 Marías, p. 255.

39 Marías, p. 261.

40 ABC, 2 April 1939, Romero, El final de la guerra, p. 421.