The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

7 See Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, El exilio de los republicanos españoles en Francia; Bennassar, La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains; Tusell, Dictadura franquista y democracia, p. 36.

8 Dreyfus-Armand, p. 79; Tusell, Dictadura franquista y democracia, p. 36.

9 See Bennassar and Dreyfus-Armand, who do not agree over figures.

10 Junta de Auxilio a los Republicanos Españoles.

11 Manuel Ros, La guerra secreta de Franco, Barcelona, 2002, p. xxiv.

12 Suárez, Franco: la historia y sus documentos, vol. v, p. 87.

13 Ibid., pp. 153–4.

14 Heiberg, Emperadores del Mediterráneo; and Preston, Franco.

15 Preston, Franco, pp. 524–5.

16 Heiberg, Emperadores del Mediterráneo.

17 Ros, La guerra secreta de Franco, pp. 146–52; for the role of Captain Alan Hillgarth RN, see David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 237–8.

18 The Blue Division was withdrawn by an ever-cautious Franco in 1943, when the war was clearly going against the Axis. But 2,200 men stayed behind in the Legión Azul, which in turn would be dissolved in January 1944. Its survivors became the Legion Española de Voluntarios, although most were attached to SS units until the end of the war. Total Spanish losses in the Soviet Union out of 45,500 participants were approximately 5,000 dead, 8,700 wounded, 2,137 maimed, 1,600 cases of severe frostbite, 7,800 sick and 372 prisoners, who did not return to Spain until April 1954 aboard the Semiramis. The total cost of 613,500,000 pesetas was offset against the Spanish debt for the Condor Legion. See Xavier Moreno Juliá, La División Azul. Sangre española en Rusia, 1941–1945, Barcelona, 2005.

19 Helmut Heiber (ed.), Hitler y sus generales, Barcelona, 2005, p. 398.

CHAPTER 37: The Unfinished War

1 Pierre Vilar, La guerra civil española, p. 176.

2 They included Jorge Semprún, a member of the resistance who would later become minister of culture in the new democratic Spain after Franco’s death in 1975.

3 RGASPI 495/120/236, p. 57.

4 A. V. Elpatievsky, Ispanskaya emigratsiya v SSSR, Moscow, 2002.

5 Order of People’s Commissar for Internal Affairs, 1942, No. 3498, 16 November 1942, Moscow, GARF P-9401/9/896.

6 GARF 2306/1/5991, p. 7.

7 GARF 307/1/272, p. 27.

8 Reconquista de España, supplement, 18 July 1944.

9 Daniel Arasa, La invasión de los maquis, Barcelona, 2004; Richards, Un tiempo de silencio; Serrano, Maquis; Francisco Moreno, La resistencia armada.

10 Casanova, Morir, matar, sobrevivir, p. 227; Antonio Telez, Sabaté, London, 1974, pp. 171–8.

11 The JEL, Junta Española de Liberación.

CHAPTER 38: Lost Causes

1 Valentín González (El Campesino), Listen Comrades, London, 1952.

2 BA-MA RL35/34.

3 RGVA 33987/3/991, p. 68.

4 Gurney, p. 175.

5 Goriev to Moscow, 25 September 1936, quoted in Radosh and Habeck (eds), Spain Betrayed, London 2002, p. 60.

6 RGVA 33987/3/832, p. 107.

INDEX

A. Andreev (Soviet merchant ship)

Abad de Santillán, Diego

ABC

Abd-el-Krim

Abelló, Andreu i

Abyssinia

Acción Católica

Acción Nacionalista Vasca

Acción Popular

Action Franc¸aise

Adelante (socialist newspaper)

Admiral Graf Spee (German warship)

Admiral Scheer (German warship)

Africanistas

[incorporate into Army of Africa]

agriculture, reform of, wages, Basque, in nationalist zone, under Franco, see also collectives

Aguilera, Captain Gonzalo de, Count de Alba y Yeltes

Aguirre, José Antonio and Basque campaign

Aiguader, Artemi

Aiguader, Jaime

aircraft, supplied to Spain, in action over Madrid, in action over Jarama, in action in Basque country, in action over Guadarrama, in action over Brunete, in Ebro valley attack, Spanish pilots trained to fly, denied to non-communist commander, production in Spain, in action at Teruel,in Aragón offensive, in action over Ebro

AIRCRAFT TYPES:

Breda

Chatos

Dornier

Dornier

Fiat CR

Fiat G

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Junkers

Junkers (Stukas)

Katiuska bombers

Messerschmitt

Moscas

Natasha bombers

Potez

Savoia-Marchetti

Savoia-Marchetti

Alba, Duke of, (Jacobo Stuart Fitzjames y Falcó)

Albacete, International Brigades base, Curto appointed commandant

Alberti, Rafael

Albertia, Mount

Albornoz y Liminiana, Álvaro de

Alcalá de Henares

Alcalá Zamora, Niceto as president, impeached

Alcañiz

Alcorcón

Alfambra, River

Alfonso XII, King, Alfonso XIII, King, driven from throne, hopes for restoration, assists nationalists, private yacht

Alfonso Carlos, Don, (Carlist pretender)

Algeciras