The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

41 Ciano, Diarios, p. 276.

CHAPTER 35: The New Spain and the Franquist Gulag

1 Richthofen war diary, BA-MA RL 35/38. The Condor Legion reached Hamburg by ship on 31 May and on 6 June it paraded through Berlin.

2 Luis Suárez, Franco: la historia y sus documentos, iv, p. 33.

3 Among the other appointments were Esteban Bilbao, minister of justice; José Larraz, minister of finance; Vice-Admiral Moreno, minister of marine; Luis Alarcón de la Lastra, minister for industry and commerce; Joaquín Benjumea, minister of agriculture and labour; Juan Ibáñez Martín, minister of national education; Alfonso Peña Boeuf, minister of public works.

4 Javier Tusell, Dictadura franquista y democracia, p. 45.

5 This was overseen by the Servicio Nacional de Reforma Económica y Social de la Tierra, set up by the nationalists in 1938.

6 See Carlos Barciela (ed.) Autarquía y mercado negro, Barcelona 2003, pp. 55ff.

7 Glicerio Sánchez and Julio Tascón (eds), Los empresarios de Franco, Barcelona, 2003, p. 237ff.

8 See Elena San Román, Ejército e industria: el nacimiento del INI, Barcelona, 1999.

9 Franco statement to Henri Massis, published in Candide, 18 August 1938.

10 Suárez, Franco, pp. 119ff.

11 Joan Clavera (ed) Capitalismo español: De la autarquía a la estabilización, 1939–1959, Madrid, 1978, pp. 179ff.

12 Tusell, Dictadura franquista y democracia, p. 98.

13 Blinkhorn, Carlismo y contrarrevolución, p. 411.

14 Carreras and Tafunell, Historia económica de la España contemporánea, p. 277.

15 See for example, Robert Graham, A Nation Comes of Age, London, 1984.

16 Antonio F. Canales, La llarga postguerra, Barcelona, 1997, p. 178.

17 Kemp, Mine Were of Trouble, pp. 49–50.

18 Rodrigo, Cautivos, p. 209.

19 Ibid.

20 See Anne Applebaum, Gulag, London, 2003.

21 Casanova (ed.), Morir, matar, sobrevivir, p. 31.

22 Michael Richards, Un tiempo de silencio, p. 30; and Dionisio Ridruejo, Escrito en España, p. 93.

23 For example, around 5,000 were killed in the province of Valencia; 4,000 in Catalonia; in Madrid’s East Cemetery 2,663 executions were registered up to 1945; in Jaén, 1,280 up to 1950; in Albacete 1,026 between 1939 and 1953; and so on. Casanova, Morir, matar, sobrevivir, pp. 19ff; Santiago Vega Sombría, De la esperanza a la persecución, p. 279. Paul Preston has pointed out that 92,462 individually named victims have been identified in just 36 of Spain’s 50 provinces.

24 For example, in the notorious San Marcos prison in León, more than 800 died of hunger and cold.

25 Vinyes, Irredentas, p. 114.

26 Francisco Moreno, Víctimas de la guerra civil, p. 278.

27 Juana Doña, Desde la noche y la niebla.

28 Francisco Moreno, Víctimas de la guerra civil, p. 278.

29 Richards, Un tiempo de silencio; and Vinyes, Irredentas.

30 á ngela Cenarro, La sonrisa de Falange, in preparation.

CHAPTER 36: The Exiles and the Second World War

1 Between 1936 and 1938, there had been three waves of different sizes: the first in the summer of 1936; the second following the fall of Santander and the Asturias in June 1937; and the third as a result of the Aragón campaign in the spring of 1938. The first wave of 15,000 refugees came mainly from the Basque country when the nationalists attacked Irún and San Sebastían. The second amounted to 160,000, and the third of 14,000, including 7,000 men of the 42nd Division cut off in the Bielsa pocket in the Pyrenees. Of these three waves, most returned to republican territory, leaving just 40,000 in France at the end of 1938 (Dolores Pla Brugat, ‘El exilio republicano español’ in AULA Historia social, no. 13, Valencia, Spring, 2004; Bartolomé Bennassar, La guerre d’Espagne et ses lendemains, Paris, 2004, p. 363).

2 Mera was released from prison in 1946. He made contact with old friends from the CNT and then had to flee to France again, where he died in 1975.

3 Emil Voldemarovich Shteingold, ‘My Last 10 Days in Spain’, RGVA 35082/3/32 p. 1.

4 Antonio Soriano, E´ xodos, Historia oral del exilio republicano en Francia 1939–1945, Barcelona, 1989 p. 23.

5 Arthur Koestler, La lie de la terre, Paris, 1946, p. 148.

6 Candide, 8 February, 1939.